The Great Sleep Recession: Changes in Sleep Duration Among US Adolescents, 1991–2012
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Average nightly sleep times precipitously decline from childhood through adolescence. There is increasing concern that historical shifts also occur in overall adolescent sleep time. METHODS: Data were drawn from Monitoring the Future, a yearly, nationally representative cross-sectional survey of adolescents in the United States from 1991 to 2012 (N = 272 077) representing birth cohorts from 1973 to 2000. Adolescents were asked how often they get ≥7 hours of sleep and how often they get less sleep than they should. Age-period-cohort models were estimated. RESULTS: Adolescent sleep generally declined over 20 years; the largest change occurred between 1991–1995 and 1996–2000. Age-period-cohort analyses indicate adolescent sleep is best described across demographic subgroups by an age effect, with sleep decreasing across adolescence, and a period effect, indicating that sleep is consistently decreasing, especially in the late 1990s and early 2000s. There was also a cohort effect among some subgroups, including male subjects, white subjects, and those in urban areas, with the earliest cohorts obtaining more sleep. Girls were less likely to report getting ≥7 hours of sleep compared with boys, as were racial/ethnic minorities, students living in urban areas, and those of low socioeconomic status (SES). However, racial/ethnic minorities and adolescents of low SES were more likely to self-report adequate sleep, compared with white subjects and those of higher SES. CONCLUSIONS: Declines in self-reported adolescent sleep across the last 20 years are concerning. Mismatch between perceptions of adequate sleep and actual reported sleep times for racial/ethnic minorities and adolescents of low SES are additionally concerning and suggest that health education and literacy approaches may be warranted.
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Typical sleep changes in adolescence include a preference for a later chronotype.
“The typical sleep changes in adolescence, in particular exhibiting a preference for a later chronotype (Gau and Soong, 2003, Gradisar et al., 2011, Keyes et al., 2015) are especially interesting in this regard, as this is the age at which psychotic experiences often begin to manifest.”
From The role of sleep dysfunction in the occurrence of delusions and hallucinations: A systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as Keyes et al., 2015
The Abstract and “WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS” section say that sleep duration and patterns change across adolescence. They do not address a preference for a later chronotype; the paper measures reported sleep duration and adequacy, not chronotype. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe proportion of high school students obtaining the minimum recommendation of 8 hours of sleep per night has steadily declined.
“data suggests that the proportion of high school students obtaining the minimum recommendation of 8 h of sleep per night (a specific objective of Healthy People 2030) has steadily declined [7,13].”
From Later School Start Times as a Public Health Intervention to Promote Sleep Health in Adolescents (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
The Trends in Sleep by Age and Time Period section reports a decline among high-school students from 1991 to 2012. But the Sleep Duration and Disturbance section says the survey measured how often students got at least 7 hours, not whether they met an 8-hour recommendation. The source therefore supports the downward trend, but not the claim's specific 8-hour threshold. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGirls, non-Whites, and adolescents from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds are more likely to report short sleep duration compared to other groups.
“there are sleep disparities among adolescents, with girls, non-Whites, and those from lower socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds, being more likely to report short sleep duration compared to other groups [7,8].”
From Later School Start Times as a Public Health Intervention to Promote Sleep Health in Adolescents (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Keyes, K. M., Maslowsky, J., Hamilton, A., & Schulenberg, J.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2015-03-01
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 460-468
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- PMC
- PMC4338325
- OpenAlex
- W2113566865
- Semantic Scholar
- 1dc29328f1ef7d182331eb6ee560148ad6f00d89
- Cited by
- 490
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 56.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (K01AA021511)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA001411, R01DA001411)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD042849)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- self-reported sleep, age-period-cohort analysis, racial and ethnic disparities, socioeconomic status, sex differences in sleep, urban-rural differences, health education, sleep adequacy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethnicity, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, United States, Young Adult
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