Cited by 385Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsHistorical and Modern Theater Studies

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Distinguishing Alzheimer’s disease from other major forms of dementia

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Karantzoulis, Stella, Galvin, James E·2011·Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

DOI 10.1586/ern.11.155PMC PMC3225285

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Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common and most studied cause of dementia. Significant advances have been made since the first set of clinical criteria for AD were put forth in 1984 that are now captured in the new criteria for AD published in 2011. Key features include recognition of a broad AD spectrum (from preclinical to mild cognitive impairment to AD dementia) and requirement of AD biomarkers for diagnosis. Correctly diagnosing dementia type is increasingly important in an era when potential disease-modifying agents are soon to be marketed. The typical AD dementia syndrome has at its core, an amnestic syndrome of the hippocampal type, followed by associated deficits in word-finding, spatial cognition, executive functions and neuropsychiatric changes. Atypical presentations of AD have also been identified that are presumed to have a different disease course. It can be difficult to distinguish between the various dementia syndromes given the overlap in many common clinical features across the dementias. The clinical difficulty in diagnosis may reflect the underlying pathology, as AD often co-occurs with other pathologies at autopsy, such as cerebrovascular disease or Lewy bodies. Neuropsychological evaluation has provided clinicians and researchers with profiles of cognitive strengths and weaknesses that help to define the dementias. There is yet no single behavioral marker that can reliably discriminate AD from the other dementias. The combined investigation of cognitive and neurobehavioral symptoms coupled with imaging markers could provide a more accurate approach for differentiating between AD and other major dementia syndromes in the future.

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Method

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Authors: Karantzoulis, S., & Galvin, J. E.
Affiliations: NYU Langone Health (US)
Corresponding author: Karantzoulis, Stella
ORCID: Karantzoulis, Stella
Galvin, James E
Venue: Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2011-11
Volume: 11
Issue: 11
Pages: 1579-1591
ISSN: 1473-7175 (ISSN-L)
1744-8360
DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.155
PMC: PMC3225285
OpenAlex: W2067203120
Cited by: 385
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 6.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (AG008051, P30AG008051, R01AG040211)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, dementia diagnosis, differential diagnosis of dementia, biomarkers, mild cognitive impairment, amnestic syndrome, atypical Alzheimer's disease, neuropsychological assessment, neuroimaging biomarkers, Lewy bodies, cerebrovascular disease, disease-modifying agents
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Dementia, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests

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Distinguishing Alzheimer’s disease from other major forms of dementia

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