Neuropsychological deficits in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analytic review
Open accessAbstract
We sought to identify the cognitive tests that best discriminate between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). A comprehensive search of all studies examining the cognitive performance of persons diagnosed with AD and FTD, published between 1980 and 2006, was conducted. Ninety-four studies were identified, comprising 2936 AD participants and 1748 FTD participants. Weighted Cohen's d effect sizes, percentage overlap statistics, confidence intervals and fail-safe Ns were calculated for each cognitive test that was used by two or more studies. The most discriminating cognitive tests were measures of orientation, memory, language, visuomotor function and general cognitive ability. Although there were large and significant differences between groups on these measures, there was substantial overlap in the scores of the AD and FTD groups. Age, education, years since diagnosis and diagnostic criteria did not significantly contribute to the group differences. Given the large overlap in the test performance of persons diagnosed with AD and FTD, cognitive tests should be used cautiously and in conjunction with a medical history, behavioural observations, imaging and information from relatives when making differential diagnoses.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A normal-range MMSE score is often seen in clinically suspected bvFTD at early stages.
“A normalrange MMSE score is often seen in clinically suspected bvFTD (Hutchinson and Mathias, 2007) at early stages”
From Recommendations to distinguish behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia from psychiatric disorders (2020) · cites this paper as Hutchinson and Mathias, 2007
The Discussion reports that participants with FTD had higher MMSE scores than those with Alzheimer’s disease, and suggests the MMSE is less suited to detecting FTD-related deficits. But Table 2 (Method) gives an FTD mean of 22.7; the paper does not establish that normal-range scores are common specifically in early, clinically suspected bvFTD. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915 · see citing works
Hirono, N., Mori, E., Ikejiri, Y., Imamura, T., Shimomura, T., Hashimoto, M., Yamashita, H., & Ikeda, M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21,010 · see citing works
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,347 · see citing works
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D. L., & Stadlan, E. (2011) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000400650.92875.cf · Cited by 9,882 · see citing works
(2000) · Cited by 9,198 · see citing works
A New Clinical Scale for the Staging of Dementia
Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W., Coben, L. A., & Martin, R. L. (1982) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.140.6.566 · Cited by 7,056 · see citing works
A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-2400 · Cited by 6,117 · see citing works
A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms, and Commentary
Levin, H. S. (1993) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1993.00540050007005 · Cited by 4,793 · see citing works
The Neuropsychological Assessment
Ogden, J. A. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195171358.003.0002 · Cited by 4,382 · see citing works
The Handbook of Research Synthesis.
Howel, D., Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1995) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533295 · Cited by 3,657 · see citing works
Qualitative Assessment of Verbal Fluency Performance in Frontotemporal Dementia
van den Berg, E., Jiskoot, L. C., Grosveld, M. J. H., Swieten, J. C. V., & Papma, J. M. (2017) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000477538 · Cited by 2,061 · see citing works
The Neuropsychiatric Inventory
Cummings, J. L. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.5_suppl_6.10s · Cited by 2,017 · see citing works
Neuropsychological assessment, 4th ed.
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Loring, D. W., Hannay, H. J., & Fischer, J. S. (2004) · Cited by 1,934 · see citing works
The Handbook of Research Synthesis.
Light, R. J., Cooper, H., & Hedges, L. V. (1994) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2291021 · Cited by 1,880 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis: Recent Developments in Quantitative Methods for Literature Reviews
Rosenthal, R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.59 · Cited by 1,780 · see citing works
Clinical and neuropathological criteria for frontotemporal dementia. The Lund and Manchester Groups.
(1994) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.4.416 · Cited by 1,331 · see citing works
Cummings, J. L. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra040223 · Cited by 1,152 · see citing works
Writing meta-analytic reviews.
Rosenthal, R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.118.2.183 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia
Mathuranath, P. S., Nestor, P. J., Berrios, G. E., Rakowicz, W., & Hodges, J. R. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000434309.85312.19 · Cited by 1,029 · see citing works
Raskind (2000) · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.12.2261 · Cited by 870 · see citing works
Gregory, C. A., Lough, S., Stone, V., Erzinçlioğlu, S., Martin, L., Baron‐Cohen, S., & Hodges, J. R. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf079 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
A 1-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study of donepezil in patients with mild to moderate AD
Winblad, B. G., Engedal, K., Soininen, H. S., Verhey, F. R. J., Waldemar, G., Wimo, A. B., Wetterholm, A.-L., Zhang, R., Haglund, A., Subbiah, P., et al. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.3.489 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Differing patterns of temporal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease and semantic dementia
Galton, C. J., Patterson, K., Graham, K., Lambon-Ralph, M. A., Williams, G., Antoun, N., Sahakian, B. J., & Hodges, J. R. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.2.216 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Kramer, J. H., Jurik, J., Sha, S. J., Rankin, K., Rosen, H. J., Johnson, J. K., & Miller, B. L. (2003) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/00146965-200312000-00002 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
A 1-year, placebo-controlled preservation of function survival study of donepezil in AD patients
Mohs, R. C., Doody, R. S., Morris, J. C., Ieni, J. R., Rogers, S. L., Perdomo, C. A., Pratt, R. D., & for the “312” Study Group (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.3.481 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Varma, A. R., Snowden, J. S., Lloyd, J. J., Talbot, P. R., Mann, D. M. A., & Neary, D. (1999) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.2.184 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Hedges, L. V. (1994) · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Piolino, P. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg222 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Correlation Between Intelligence Test Scores and Executive Function Measures
Ardila, A., Pineda, D. A., & Rosselli, M. (2000) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/15.1.31 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Knowledge of famous faces and names in semantic dementia.
Snowden, J., Thompson, J. C., & Neary, D. (2004) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awh099 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
An Investigation of Moral Judgement in Frontotemporal Dementia
Mendez, M. F., Anderson, E., & Shapira, J. S. (2005) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.wnn.0000191292.17964.bb · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Visual association test to detect early dementia of the Alzheimer type
Lindeboom, J. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.73.2.126 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Zakzanis, K. K. (2001) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/16.7.653 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Hodges, J. R., Patterson, K., Ward, R., Garrard, P., Bak, T., Perry, R., & Gregory, C. (1999) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.13.1.31 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Hodges, J. R., Patterson, K. E., Ward, R., Garrard, P., Bak, T., Perry, R. J., & Gregory, C. A. (1999) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.13.1.31 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Progressive non-fluent aphasia is associated with hypometabolism centred on the left anterior insula
Nestor, P. J. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg240 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Behavioral disorders in the frontal and temporal variants of frontotemporal dementia
Liu, W., Miller, B. L., Kramer, J. H., Rankin, K., Wyss-Coray, C., Gearhart, R., Phengrasamy, L., Weiner, M., & Rosen, H. J. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000113729.77161.c9 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Comparing meta-analytic moderator estimation techniques under realistic conditions.
Steel, P. D., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.96 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Slachevsky, A., Villalpando, J. M., Sarazin, M., Hahn‐Barma, V., Pillon, B., & Dubois, B. (2004) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.61.7.1104 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Hippocampal and entorhinal cortex atrophy in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
Frisoni, G. B., Laakso, M. P., Beltramello, A., Geroldi, C., Bianchetti, A., Soininen, H. S., & Trabucchi, M. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.52.1.91 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Differentiating frontal and temporal variant frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer’s disease
Perry, R. J., & Hodges, J. R. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.12.2277 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Thompson, J. C. (2005) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.033779 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self awareness and personality change in dementia
Rankin, K. P. (2005) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.042879 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Accuracy of four clinical diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementias
López, O. L., Litvan, I., Catt, K. E., Stowe, R., Klunk, W. E., Kaufer, D., Becker, J. T., & DeKosky, S. T. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.6.1292 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
The human perirhinal cortex and semantic memory
Davies, R. R., Graham, K. S., Xuereb, J. H., Williams, G. B., & Hodges, J. R. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03710.x · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Demakis, G. J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390490510149 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Grossman, M., Mickanin, J., Onishi, K., Hughes, E., D’Esposito, M., Xin-sheng, D., Alavi, A. A., & Reivich, M. (1996) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.2.135 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Object and action naming in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia
Cappa, S. F., Binetti, G. G., Pezzini, A., Padovani, A., Rozzini, L., & Trabucchi, M. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.50.2.351 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Use of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Clinical Practice: Evidence-Based Recommendations
Cummings, J. L. (2003) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200303000-00004 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Insights from semantic dementia on the relationship between episodic and semantic memory
Graham, K. S., Simons, J. S., Pratt, K. H., Patterson, K. E., & Hodges, J. R. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00073-1 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Cognitive profiles differ in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and AD
Rascovsky, K., Salmon, D. P., Ho, G. J., Galasko, D. R., Peavy, G. M., Hansen, L. A., & Thal, L. J. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.58.12.1801 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Semantic dementia: Autobiographical contribution to preservation of meaning
Snowden, J. S., Griffiths, H., & Neary, D. (1994) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643299408251976 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Early diagnosis of dementia: neuropsychology
Pasquier, F. (1999) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s004150050299 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Temporal lobe rating scale: application to Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia
Galton, C. J. (2001) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.70.2.165 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Westmacott, R., Black, S. E., Freedman, M., & Moscovitch, M. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00147-7 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Impaired recognition of negative facial emotions in patients with frontotemporal dementia
Fernandez‐Duque, D., & Black, S. E. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.01.005 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Meulen, E. F. J. (2004) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.021055 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Memory Impairment Differs in Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzhemier?s Disease.
Pasquier, F., Laurier-Grymonprez, L., Lebert, F., & der Linden, M. V. (2001) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/7.2.161 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Primary progressive aphasia: Diagnosis, varieties, evolution
KERTESZ, A. E., Davidson, W., MCCABE, P., TAKAGI, K., & Muñoz, D. G. (2003) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617703950041 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Verbal fluency in dementia of frontal lobe type and dementia of alzheimer type
Pasquier, F., Lebert, F., Grymonprez, L., & Petit, H. (1995) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.58.1.81 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Comparison of neuropsychological functioning in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia
Pachana, N. A., Boone, K. B., Miller, B. L., Cummings, J. L., & Berman, N. (1996) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617700001673 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Standridge, J. B. (2004) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(04)90064-1 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Differential Diagnosis
Kaplan, E., Zakzanis, K. K., & Leach, L. R. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Clinical syndromes in adult neuropsychology : the practitioner's handbook
White, R. F. (1992) · Elsevier eBooks · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Increased variability accompanies frontal lobe damage in dementia
MURTHA, S., CISMARU, R., WAECHTER, R., & CHERTKOW, H. (2002) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617702813170 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Nestor, P. J., Graham, K. S., Bozeat, S., Simons, J. S., & Hodges, J. R. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(01)00155-5 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Lavenu, I., & Pasquier, F. (2004) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000080969 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
A brief cognitive test battery to differentiate Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia
Mathuranath, P. S., Nestor, P. J., Berrios, G. E., et al. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.55.11.1613 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Behavioral Quantitation Is More Sensitive Than Cognitive Testing in Frontotemporal Dementia
KERTESZ, A. E., Davidson, W., McCabe, P., & Muñoz, D. G. (2003) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/00002093-200310000-00005 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Cinguloparietal Atrophy Distinguishes Alzheimer Disease From Semantic Dementia
Boxer, A. L., Rankin, K. P., Miller, B. L., Schuff, N. W., Weiner, M. W., Gorno-Tempini, M.-L., & Rosen, H. J. (2003) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.60.7.949 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Likeman, M. J., Anderson, V. M., Stevens, J., Waldman, A. D., Godbolt, A. K., Frost, C. D., Rossor, M. N., & Fox, N. C. (2005) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.62.9.1410 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Neuropsychological differences between frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: a review
Harciarek, M., & Jodzio, K. (2005) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-005-7093-4 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Profiles of language impairment in primary progressive aphasia.
Karbe, H., Kertesz, A., & Polk, M. (1993) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1993.00540020069020 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Associative and recognition memory for novel objects in dementia: implications for diagnosis
Lee, A. C. H., Rahman, S., Hodges, J. R., Sahakian, B. J., & Graham, K. S. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02883.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Subscores of the FAB differentiate frontotemporal lobar degeneration from AD
Lipton, A. M., Ohman, K. A., Womack, K. B., Hynan, L. S., Ninman, E. T., & Lacritz, L. H. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000174437.73416.7b · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Patterns of autobiographical memory loss in dementia
Hou, C. E., Miller, B. L., & Kramer, J. H. (2005) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1361 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Moretti, R., Torre, P., Antonello, R. M., Cazzato, G., Griggio, S., & Bava, A. (2003) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/153331750301800410 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
The spectrum of imaging and neuropsychological findings in Pick's disease
Knopman, D. S., Christensen, K. J., Schut, L. J., Harbaugh, R. E., Reeder, T., Ngo, T., & Frey, W. H. (1989) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.39.3.362 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Dudas, R. B. (2005) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.3.218 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Frontotemporal dementia: patient characteristics, cognition, and behaviour
Diehl, J., & Kurz, A. (2002) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.709 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Binetti, G. G., Locascio, J. J., Corkin, S., Vonsattel, J. P., & Growdon, J. H. (2000) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.57.2.225 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Diehl, J., Monsch, A. U., Aebi, C., Wagenpfeil, S., Krapp, S., Grimmer, T., Seeley, W. W., Förstl, H., & Kurz, A. (2005) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988704272309 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Brain atrophy in frontotemporal dementia.
Frisoni, G. B., Beltramello, A., Geroldi, C., et al. (1996) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.61.2.157 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Presenile dementia syndromes: an update on taxonomy and diagnosis
Greicius, M. D. (2002) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.72.6.691 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric assessment of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias
Cummings, J. L., & McPherson, S. E. (2001) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03351482 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Memory encoding and retrieval in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
Glosser, G., Gallo, J. L., Clark, C. M., & Grossman, M. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.2.190 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Castiglioni, S., Pelati, O., Zuffi, M., Somalvico, F., Marino, L., Tentorio, T., & Franceschi, M. (2006) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000093665 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Ivanoiu, A., Cooper, J. M., Shanks, M. F., & Venneri, A. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.030 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Dudas, R. B., Berrios, G. E., & Hodges, J. R. (2005) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00019442-200503000-00007 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Rosen, H. J., Narvaez, J. M., Hallam, B. J., Kramer, J. H., Wyss-Coray, C., Gearhart, R., Johnson, J. K., & Miller, B. L. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Specificity of changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with frontal lobe dementia.
STARKSTEIN, S. E., Migliorelli, R., Teson, A., et al. (1994) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.7.790 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Confabulation, but not executive dysfunction discriminate AD from frontotemporal dementia
Nedjam, Z., Devouche, É., & Barba, G. D. (2004) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00981.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
What is measured by verbal fluency tests in schizophrenia?
van Beilen, M., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., van Zomeren, E. H., van den Bosch, R. J., Withaar, F. K., & Bouma, A. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.007 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Costs to Society of Family Caregiving for Patients with End-Stage Alzheimer's Disease
Prigerson, H. G. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp038157 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Noble, K. G., Glosser, G., & Grossman, M. (2000) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2330 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Blair, M., KERTESZ, A. E., McMonagle, P., Davidson, W., & Bódi, N. (2006) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617706060255 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Dementia of the frontal type: neuropsychological and [99Tc]-HM-PAO SPET features.
Frisoni, G. B., Pizzolato, G., Geroldi, C., Rossato, A., Bianchetti, A., & Trabucchi, M. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Neuropsychological and behavioural correlates of CSF biomarkers in dementia
Engelborghs, S., Maertens, K., Vloeberghs, E., Aerts, T., Somers, N., Mariën, P., & Deyn, P. P. D. (2006) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2005.11.002 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Dementia in hippocampal sclerosis resembles frontotemporal dementia more than Alzheimer disease
Blass, D. M., Hatanpaa, K. J., Brandt, J., Rao, V., Steinberg, M., Troncoso, J. C., & Rabins, P. V. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000133008.89613.82 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Is the Addenbrooke?s Cognitive Examination effective to detect frontotemporal dementia?
Bier, J. C., Ventura, M., Donckels, V., Eyll, E. V., Claes, T., Slama, H., Fery, P., Vokaer, M., & Pandolfo, M. (2004) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-004-0345-z · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Metamemory Accuracy in Alzheimer’s Disease and Frontotemporal Lobe Dementia
Souchay, C., Isingrini, M. L., Pillon, B., & Gil, R. (2003) · Neurocase · doi:10.1076/neur.9.6.482.29376 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Siri, S., Benaglio, I., Frigerio, A., Binetti, G. G., & Cappa, S. F. (2001) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00179.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
François, I., Helvoirt, M. V., & de Zegher, F. (1999) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000023321 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Walker, A., Meares, S., Sachdev, P. S., & Brodaty, H. (2005) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610204000778 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Factors predicting success in picture naming in Alzheimer's disease and primary progressive aphasia
Kremin, H., Perrier, D., de Wilde, M., et al. (2001) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.2000.1270 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Handbook of Neuropsychology and Aging
(1997) · Critical issues in neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1857-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Differential Mechanisms of Impairment of Remote Memory in Alzheimer’s and Frontotemporal Dementia
Thomas-Antérion, C., Jacquin, K., & Laurent, B. (2000) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000017221 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Lindau, M. P., Almkvist, O., Johansson, S., & Wahlund, L. (1998) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000017048 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease and frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia
Perri, R., Koch, G., Carlesimo, G. A., Serra, L., Fadda, L., Pasqualetti, P., Pettenati, C., & Caltagirone, C. (2005) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-005-0849-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Razani, J., Boone, K. B., Miller, B. L., Lee, A., & SHERMAN, D. (2001) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617701744037 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Calculation impairment in neurodegenerative diseases
Halpern, C. H., McMillan, C. T., Moore, P., Dennis, K., & Grossman, M. (2003) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(02)00416-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease:Differential Diagnosis
Duara, R., Barker, W., & Luis, C. A. (1999) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000051210 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Speech and language in progressive nonfluent aphasia compared with early Alzheimer’s disease
Mendez, M. F., Clark, D. G., Shapira, J. S., & Cummings, J. L. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000090563.97453.90 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Impairment of Verb Processing in Frontal Variant-Frontotemporal Dementia: A Dysexecutive Symptom
Silveri, M. C., Salvigni, B. L., Cappa, A., Vedova, C. B. D., & Puopolo, M. (2003) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000072816 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Functional Imaging of the Frontal Lobes in Organic Dementia
Warkentin, S., & Passant, U. (1997) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000106614 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Grossi, D., Fragassi, N. A., Chiacchio, L., Valoroso, L., Tuccillo, R., Perrotta, C. S., Rapone, P., Conchiglia, G., & Trojano, L. (2002) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.654 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Förstl, H., Besthorn, C., Hentschel, F., et al. (1996) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000106849 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Patterns of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer s disease assessment and differential diagnosis
Storey, E. (2002) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/a914 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cosentino, S., Chute, D. L., Libon, D. J., Moore, P., & Grossman, M. (2006) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.3.307 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Gold, B. T., Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., Sergent-Marshall, S. D., Snyder, A. Z., Salat, D. H., Fischl, B. R., Dale, A. M., Morris, J. C., & Buckner, R. L. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.10.005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Boone, K. B., Miller, B. L., Swartz, R., Lu, P. H., & Lee, A. (2003) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561770395003x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex of Alzheimer-type dementia
Minami, M., Kimura, M., Iwamoto, N., et al. (1995) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0278-5846(95)00031-p · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Usefulness of a cube-copying test in outpatients with dementia
Maeshima, S., Osawa, A., Maeshima, E., et al. (2004) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050410001671847 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Can episodic memory tasks differentiate semantic dementia from Alzheimer's Disease?
Scahill, V. L., Hodges, J. R., & Graham, K. S. (2005) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554790500287734 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia exhibit distinct atrophy-behavior correlates
Gee, J. C., Ding, L., Xie, Z., Lin, M., DeVita, C., & Grossman, M. (2003) · Academic Radiology · doi:10.1016/s1076-6332(03)00543-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Osawa, A., Maeshima, S., Shimamoto, Y., Maeshima, E., Sekiguchi, E., Kakishita, K., Ozaki, F., & Moriwaki, H. (2004) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280410001704331 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Clague, F., Dudas, R. B., Thompson, S., Graham, K. S., & Hodges, J. R. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.11.023 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Alteration of white matter MR signal intensity in frontotemporal dementia.
Kitagaki, H., Mori, E., Hirono, N., Ikejiri, Y., Ishii, K., Imamura, T., Ikeda, M., Yamaji, S., Yamashita, H., Shimomura, T., et al. (1997) · PubMed Central · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Handbook of dementia : psychological, neurological, and psychiatric perspectives
Lichtenberg, P. A., Murman, D. L., & Mellow, A. M. (2003) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Non-Alzheimer's Disease Dementias: Anatomic, Clinical, and Molecular Correlates
Hou, C. E., Carlin, D. A., & Miller, B. L. (2004) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370404900303 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Miller, B. L., Diehl, J., Freedman, M., KERTESZ, A. E., Mendez, M. F., & Rascovsky, K. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10568 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ten‐point clock test: a correlation analysis with other neuropsychological tests in dementia
Moretti, R., Torre, P., Antonello, R. M., Cazzato, G., & Bava, A. (2002) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.600 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Price, C. C., & Grossman, M. (2005) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2004.12.009 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Soûliez, L., Pasquier, F., Lebert, F., et al. (1996) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(96)80056-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Jenner, C., Reali, G., Puopolo, M., & Silveri, M. C. (2006) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2006/812760 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Use of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Clinical Practice: Evidence-Based Recommendations
Cummings, J. L. (2003) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajgp.11.2.131 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Behavioural and neuropsychological correlates of frontal lobe features in dementia
Engelborghs, S., Maertens, K., Mariën, P., Vloeberghs, E., Somers, N., Nagels, G., & Deyn, P. P. D. (2006) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170600777x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Adler, G., Teufel, M., & Drach, L. M. (2003) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.894 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Grossman, M., SMITH, E. E., Koenig, P. L., Glosser, G., Rhee, J., & Dennis, K. (2003) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.3.2.120 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Comparison of multiple regression to two latent variable techniques for estimation and prediction
Wall, M. M., & Li, R. (2003) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1588 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Novel Applications of Social-Personality Measures to the Study of Dementia.
Mychack, P., Rosen, H. J., & Miller, B. L. (2001) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/7.2.131 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mintzer, J. E., & Kershaw, P. R. (2003) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.826 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Patterns of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease: assessment and differential diagnosis
Storey, E. (2002) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/storey · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Paradoxical features of word finding difficulty in primary progressive aphasia
Vandenberghe, R. R., Vandenbulcke, M., Weıntraub, S., et al. (2005) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20362 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mendez, M. F., Doss, R. C., & Cherrier, M. M. (1998) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/089198879801100102 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Partial knowledge of abstract words in patients with cortical degenerative conditions.
Crutch, S. J., & Warrington, E. K. (2006) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.4.482 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Acalculia: Deficits of operational and quantity number knowledge
Crutch, S. J., & Warrington, E. K. (2001) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617701777053 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A 1-year, randomized, placebo-controlled study of donepezil in patients with mild to moderate AD
Deleu, D. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.58.5.835-a · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Frontotemporal dementia: A different kind of dementia
Yeaworth, R. C., & Burke, W. J. (2000) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1053/apnu.2000.9816 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Clinical pharmacology of anti‐Alzheimer drugs
Pettenati, C., Annicchiarico, R., & Caltagirone, C. (2003) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00204.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Memory impairment differs in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease
Pasquier, F. (2001) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/7.2.171 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Neuropsychology of frontal lobe dementia.
Charlesworth, G. M. (1995) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Factors predicting success in picture naming in Alzheimer's disease and primary progressive aphasia
Kremin, H., PERRIER, D., de Wilde, M., et al. (2001) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(00)91270-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Psychotherapist's Guide to Neuropsychiatry: Diagnostic and Treatment Issues
Forrest, D. V. (1996) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.8.2.227 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Xing-zu, Z. (2005) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Usman, M. A. (1997) · Critical issues in neuropsychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1857-4_11 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Novel applications of social-personality measures to the study of dementia
Mychack, P. (2001) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/7.2.143 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Westbury, C. F., Bub, D., & Chertkow, H. (2002) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.2001.1427 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Examining the diagnostic utility of the fuld cholinergic deficit profile on the japanese WAIS-R
Yamashita, H., Hirono, N., Ikeda, M., et al. (1997) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/01688639708403859 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Christensen (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199703)12:3
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia
Rascovsky, K., Hodges, J. R., Knopman, D., Mendez, M. F., Kramer, J. H., Neuhaus, J., van Swieten, J. C., Seelaar, H., Dopper, E. G. P., Onyike, C. U., et al. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr179 · Cited by 5,221 · see citing works
Clinical, genetic and pathological heterogeneity of frontotemporal dementia: A review
Seelaar, H., Rohrer, J. D., Pijnenburg, Y. A. L., Fox, N. C., & van Swieten, J. C. (2011) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2010.212225 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Language performance in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A comparative review
Taler, V., & Phillips, N. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701550128 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Distinguishing Alzheimer’s disease from other major forms of dementia
Karantzoulis, S., & Galvin, J. E. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.11.155 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Cotter, J., Granger, K., Backx, R., Hobbs, M., Looi, C. Y., & Barnett, J. H. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.014 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Loy, C. T., Schofield, P. R., Turner, A. M., & Kwok, J. B. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60630-3 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Ducharme, S., Dols, A., Laforce, R., Devenney, E., Kumfor, F., van den Stock, J., Dallaire-Théroux, C., Seelaar, H., Gossink, F., Vijverberg, E., et al. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa018 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
The Residual Medium and Long-term Cognitive Effects of Benzodiazepine Use: An Updated Meta-analysis
Crowe, S. F., & Stranks, E. K. (2018) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acx120 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Episodic memory in frontotemporal dementia: a critical review
Hornberger, M., & Piguet, O. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws011 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Benussi, A., Ashton, N. J., Karikari, T. K., Gazzina, S., Premi, E., Benussi, L., Ghidoni, R., Rodriguez, J. L., Emeršič, A., Binetti, G., et al. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200608 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Bora, E., Velakoulis, D., & Walterfang, M. (2016) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988716640375 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Möller, C., Pijnenburg, Y. A. L., van der Flier, W. M., Versteeg, A., Tijms, B., de Munck, J. C., Hafkemeijer, A., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., van der Grond, J., van Swieten, J., et al. (2016) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2015150220 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Ramanan, S., Bertoux, M., Flanagan, E., Irish, M., Piguet, O., Hodges, J. R., & Hornberger, M. (2017) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617716000837 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Executive functions in frontotemporal dementia and Lewy body dementia.
Johns, E. K., Phillips, N. A., Belleville, S., Goupil, D., Babins, L., Kelner, N., Ska, B., Gilbert, B., Inglis, G., Panisset, M., et al. (2009) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0016792 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Meta-analytic review of memory impairment in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia
Poos, J. M., Jiskoot, L. C., Papma, J. M., van Swieten, J. C., & van den Berg, E. (2018) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617718000115 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Haldenwanger, A., Eling, P., Kastrup, A., & Hildebrandt, H. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-101203 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Neurodegenerative Dementias After Traumatic Brain Injury
LoBue, C., Cullum, C. M., Didehbani, N., Yeatman, K., Jones, B., Kraut, M. A., & Hart, J. (2018) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17070145 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Biomarkers in frontotemporal lobar degenerations—Progress and challenges
Hu, W. T., Trojanowski, J. Q., & Shaw, L. M. (2011) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.04.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kamath, V., Chaney, G.-A. S., DeRight, J., & Onyike, C. U. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718003604 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Deep grading for MRI-based differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia
Nguyen, H.-D., Clément, M., Planche, V., Mansencal, B., & Coupé, P. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2023.102636 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Johnen, A., Reul, S., Wiendl, H., Meuth, S. G., & Duning, T. (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2018.04.002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wicklund, A. H., Rademaker, A., Johnson, N., Weitner, B. B., & Weintraub, S. (2007) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e31815bf8a5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Neurodegenerative Disorders of Speech and Language: Non-language-dominant Diseases
García, A. M., DeLeon, J., & Tee, B. L. (2022) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience, 2nd edition · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819641-0.00042-6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Language in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: Another stone to be turned in Latin America
Geraudie, A., Díaz Rivera, M., Montembeault, M., & García, A. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.702770 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Distinct early symptoms in neuropathologically proven frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Kawakami, I., Arai, T., Shinagawa, S., Niizato, K., Oshima, K., & Ikeda, M. (2021) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5387 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hutchinson, A. D., & Mathias, J. L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Mathias, J L
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2007-09-01
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 917-928
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2117891
- OpenAlex
- W2157735468
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 161
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (publishedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, neuropsychological deficits, differential diagnosis, cognitive tests, memory, language, visuomotor function, general intelligence, orientation, diagnostic overlap
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Dementia, Diagnosis, Differential, Humans, Neuropsychological Tests
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
