Critical Race Theory, Racial Microaggressions, and Campus Racial Climate for Latina/o Undergraduates

Yosso, Tara; Smith, William; Ceja, Miguel; Solórzano, Daniel

doi:10.17763/haer.79.4.m6867014157m707l

Cited by 1,221Critical Race Theory in EducationHigher Education Research StudiesRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

Critical Race Theory, Racial Microaggressions, and Campus Racial Climate for Latina/o Undergraduates

Yosso, Tara, Smith, William, Ceja, Miguel, Solórzano, Daniel·2009·Harvard Educational Review

DOI 10.17763/haer.79.4.m6867014157m707l

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Abstract

In this article, Tara Yosso, William Smith, Miguel Ceja, and Daniel Solórzano expand on their previous work by employing critical race theory to explore and understand incidents of racial microaggressions as experienced by Latina/o students at three selective universities. The authors explore three types of racial microaggressions—interpersonal microaggressions, racial jokes, and institutional microaggressions—and consider the effects of these racist affronts on Latina/o students. Challenging the applicability of Vincent Tinto's three stages of passage for college students, the authors explore the processes by which Latinas/os respond to racial microaggressions and confront hostile campus racial climates. The authors find that, through building community and developing critical navigation skills, Latina/o students claim empowerment from the margins.

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In hostile campus environments, students experience self-doubt, isolation, anger, stress, and emotional exhaustion that impact academic, social, and psychological performance and well-being.
“In such environments, students experience self-doubt, isolation, anger, stress, and emotional exhaustion that impact upon their academic, social, and psychological performance and well-being (Davis et al., 2004;Solorzano et al., 2000;Yosso et al., 2009).”
From In Pursuit of Antiracist Social Justice: Denaturalizing Whiteness in the Academic Library (2015) · cites this paper as Yosso et al., 2009

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Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale.
Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Beadnell, B. A., Simoni, J. M., & Walters, K. L. (2011) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023244 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Counterspaces for women of color in STEM higher education: Marginal and central spaces for persistence and success
Ong, M., Smith, J. M., & Ko, L. T. (2018) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21417 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Race without Racism: How Higher Education Researchers Minimize Racist Institutional Norms
Harper, S. R. (2012) · Review of higher education/The review of higher education · doi:10.1353/rhe.2012.0047 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Critical Race Theory in Education
(2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315709796 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Disrupting Postsecondary Prose
Patton, L. D. (2015) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085915602542 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Racial microaggressions as a tool for critical race research
Huber, L. P., & Solórzano, D. G. (2014) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2014.994173 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Model for Diverse Learning Environments
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Microaggressions
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616659391 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Devalued Black and Latino Racial Identities
McGee, E. O. (2016) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831216676572 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
The What, the Why, and the How: A Review of Racial Microaggressions Research in Psychology
Wong‐Padoongpatt, G., Derthick, A. O., David, E. J. R., Saw, A., & Okazaki, S. (2013) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-013-9107-9 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
When Can I help? A Conceptual Framework for the Prevention of Sexual Violence Through Bystander Intervention
McMahon, S., & Banyard, V. L. (2011) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838011426015 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Teachers, please learn our names!: racial microagressions and the K-12 classroom
Kohli, R., & Solórzano, D. G. (2012) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2012.674026 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Adverse Impact of Racial Microaggressions on College Students’ Self-Esteem
Nadal, K. L. Y., Wong, Y., Griffin, K. E., Davidoff, K. C., & Sriken, J. (2014) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2014.0051 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Microaggressions: Clarification, Evidence, and Impact
Williams, M. T. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619827499 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Critical Race Theory in Education
Ledesma, M. C., & Calderón, D. (2015) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1077800414557825 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
On the utility of Asian critical (AsianCrit) theory in the field of education
Iftikar, J. S., & Museus, S. D. (2018) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2018.1522008 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Ethnic Microaggressions and the Depressive and Somatic Symptoms of Latino and Asian American Adolescents
Huynh, V. W. (2012) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9756-9 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Asked More Often: Gender Differences in Faculty Workload in Research Universities and the Work Interactions That Shape Them
O’Meara, K., Kuvaeva, A., Nyunt, G., Waugaman, C., & Jackson, R. (2017) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831217716767 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
The Racial Microaggressions Scale (RMAS): A new scale to measure experiences of racial microaggressions in people of color.
Torres‐Harding, S., Andrade, A. L., & Diaz, C. E. R. (2012) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027658 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Racial microaggressions in the residence halls: Experiences of students of color at a predominantly White university.
Harwood, S. A., Huntt, M. B., Mendenhall, R. M., & Lewis, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Diversity in Higher Education · doi:10.1037/a0028956 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
The relationship of microaggressions with alcohol use and anxiety among ethnic minority college students in a historically White institution.
Blume, A. W., Lovato, L. V., Thyken, B. N., & Denny, N. (2011) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025457 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
A qualitative approach to intersectional microaggressions: Understanding influences of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and religion.
Nadal, K. L. Y., Davidoff, K. C., Davis, L. S., Wong, Y., Marshall, D., & McKenzie, V. (2015) · Qualitative Psychology · doi:10.1037/qup0000026 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Impostor feelings as a moderator and mediator of the relationship between perceived discrimination and mental health among racial/ethnic minority college students.
Cokley, K., Smith, L., Bernard, D., Hurst, A., Jackson, S., Stone, S., Awosogba, O., Saucer, C., Bailey, M., & Roberts, D. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000198 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Intersectionality: Connecting experiences of gender with race at work
Rosette, A. S., de Leon, R. P., Koval, C. Z., & Harrison, D. A. (2018) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2018.12.002 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Can You Really Measure That? Combining Critical Race Theory and Quantitative Methods
Sablan, J. R. (2018) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831218798325 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Racial Microaggressions: The Narratives of African American Faculty at a Predominantly White University
Pittman, C. T. (2012) · The Journal of Negro Education · doi:10.7709/jnegroeducation.81.1.0082 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Hostile climates are barriers to diversifying the geosciences
Marín-Spiotta, E., Barnes, R. T., Berhe, A. A., Hastings, M. G., Mattheis, A., Schneider, B. B., & Williams, B. M. (2020) · Advances in geosciences · doi:10.5194/adgeo-53-117-2020 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Graduate Students of Color
Brunsma, D. L., Embrick, D. G., & Shin, J. H. (2016) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/2332649216681565 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Political activism and mental health among Black and Latinx college students
Hope, E. C., Velez, G., Offidani-Bertrand, C., Keels, M., & Durkee, M. I. (2018) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000144 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Seeking Inclusion Excellence: Understanding Racial Microaggressions as Experienced by Underrepresented Medical and Nursing Students
Ackerman-Barger, K. W., Boatright, D. B., Gonzalez-Colaso, R., Orozco, R., & Latimore, D. (2019) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003077 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Toward a critical multiracial theory in education
Harris, J. C. (2016) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2016.1162870 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Racism, College, and the Power of Words
Minikel-Lacocque, J. (2012) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831212468048 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Producing Colorblindness: Everyday Mechanisms of White Ignorance
Mueller, J. C. (2017) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spw061 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“I Stopped Sleeping”: Teachers of Color and the Impact of Racial Battle Fatigue
Pizarro, M., & Kohli, R. (2018) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085918805788 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Whiteness in Higher Education: The Invisible Missing Link in Diversity and Racial Analyses
Cabrera, N. L., Franklin, J. D., & Watson, J. S. (2016) · ASHE Higher Education Report · doi:10.1002/aehe.20116 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Linking intersectional invisibility and hypervisibility to experiences of microaggressions among graduate women of color in STEM
Wilkins‐Yel, K. G., Hyman, J. E., & Zounlomè, N. O. O. (2018) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.10.018 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Critical Race Theory in Higher Education: 20 Years of Theoretical and Research Innovations
Mccoy, D. L., & Rodricks, D. J. (2015) · ASHE Higher Education Report · doi:10.1002/aehe.20021 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Undergraduate Latina/o Students
Crisp, G., Taggart, A., & Nora, A. (2014) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654314551064 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Being a Latinx adolescent under a trump presidency: Analysis of Latinx youth's reactions to immigration politics
Wray‐Lake, L., Wells, R., Alvis, L. M., Delgado, S., Syvertsen, A. K., & Metzger, A. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.02.032 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“If you aren’t White, Asian or Indian, you aren’t an engineer”: racial microaggressions in STEM education
Lee, M. J., Collins, J. D., Harwood, S. A., Mendenhall, R. M., & Huntt, M. B. (2020) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-020-00241-4 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Research literature on women of color in undergraduate engineering education: A systematic thematic synthesis
Ong, M., Jaumot‐Pascual, N., & Ko, L. T. (2020) · Journal of Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/jee.20345 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Black Achievers’ Experiences with Racial Spotlighting and Ignoring in a Predominantly White High School
Andrews, D. J. C. (2012) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811211401002 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Becoming Racially Literate About Data and Data-Literate About Race: Data Visualizations in the Classroom as a Site of Racial-Ideological Micro-Contestations
Philip, T. M., Olivares-Pasillas, M. C., & Rocha, J. (2016) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1080/07370008.2016.1210418 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Affirming policies, programs, and supportive services: Using an organizational perspective to understand LGBTQ+ college student success.
Pitcher, E. N., Camacho, T. P., Renn, K. A., & Woodford, M. R. (2016) · Journal of Diversity in Higher Education · doi:10.1037/dhe0000048 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Racial battle fatigue and activist burnout in racial justice activists of color at predominately White colleges and universities
Gorski, P. C. (2018) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2018.1497966 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Where is the Racial Theory in Critical Race Theory?: A constructive criticism of the Crits
Cabrera, N. L. (2018) · Review of higher education/The review of higher education · doi:10.1353/rhe.2018.0038 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Discourses of Racist Nativism in California Public Education: English Dominance as Racist Nativist Microaggressions
Huber, L. P. (2011) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00131946.2011.589301 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Home Away From Home: Native American Students’ Sense of Belonging During Their First Year in College
Tachine, A. R., Cabrera, N. L., & Bird, E. Y. (2016) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.2016.1257322 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Racial Microaggressions and Sense of Belonging at a Historically White University
Lewis, J. A., Mendenhall, R. M., Ojiemwen, A., Thomas, M., Riopelle, C., Harwood, S. A., & Huntt, M. B. (2019) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764219859613 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Why do you make me hate myself?”: Re-teaching Whiteness, abuse, and love in urban teacher education
Matias, C. E. (2015) · Teaching Education · doi:10.1080/10476210.2015.1068749 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
In Pursuit of Antiracist Social Justice: Denaturalizing Whiteness in the Academic Library
Brook, F., Ellenwood, D., & Lazzaro, A. E. (2015) · Library Trends · doi:10.1353/lib.2015.0048 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Examining the Effects of Stress and Campus Climate on the Persistence of Students of Color and White Students: An Application of Bean and Eaton’s Psychological Model of Retention
Johnson, D. R., Wasserman, T. H., Yıldırım, N., & Yonai, B. A. (2013) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-013-9304-9 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Barriers to the Success of Ethnic Minority Students in School Psychology Graduate Programs
Clark, C. R., Mercer, S. H., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Dufrene, B. A. (2012) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2012.12087519 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Chicana/Latina Testimonios on Effects and Responses to Microaggressions
Huber, L. P., & Cueva, B. M. (2012) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/10665684.2012.698193 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The Psychological and Academic Costs of School-Based Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions
Keels, M., Durkee, M. I., & Hope, E. C. (2017) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831217722120 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
"Black Elephant in the Room": Black Students Contextualizing Campus Racial Climate Within US Racial Climate
Mwangi, C. A. G., Thelamour, B., Ezeofor, I., & Carpenter, A. (2018) · Journal of College Student Development · doi:10.1353/csd.2018.0042 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Vicarious racism: a qualitative analysis of experiences with secondhand racism in graduate education
Truong, K. A., Museus, S. D., & McGuire, K. M. (2015) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2015.1023234 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Inside the Panopticon: Studying Academic Reward Systems
O’Meara, K. (2011) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0702-3_5 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Microaggressions and the Enduring Mental Health Disparity
Gómez, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798413514608 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The burden of being “model”: Racialized experiences of Asian STEM college students.
McGee, E. O., Thakore, B. K., & LaBlance, S. S. (2016) · Journal of Diversity in Higher Education · doi:10.1037/dhe0000022 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Racial Arrested Development: A Critical Whiteness Analysis of the Campus Ecology
Cabrera, N. L., Watson, J. S., & Franklin, J. D. (2016) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2016.0014 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Decolonizing Hispanic-Serving Institutions: A Framework for Organizing
García, G. A. (2017) · Journal of Hispanic Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1538192717734289 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Examining first-generation college student lived experiences with microaggressions and microaffirmations at a predominately White public research university.
Ellis, J., Powell, C. S., Demetriou, C., Huerta-Bapat, C., & Panter, A. T. (2018) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000198 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Racism within the Canadian university: Indigenous students’ experiences
Bailey, K. A. (2015) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2015.1081961 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Racial Battle Fatigue for Latina/o Students
Franklin, J. D., Smith, W. A., & Hung, M. (2014) · Journal of Hispanic Higher Education · doi:10.1177/1538192714540530 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citation
And Still I See No Changes: Enduring Views of Students of Color in Science and Mathematics Education Policy Reports
Basile, V. C., & López, E. J. (2015) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21156 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Racial microaggressions and Asian Americans: An exploratory study on within-group differences and mental health.
Nadal, K. L. Y., Wong, Y., Sriken, J., Griffin, K. E., & Fujii-Doe, W. (2014) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038058 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Sense of Belonging and Its Contributing Factors in Graduate Education
O’Meara, K., Griffin, K. A., Kuvaeva, A., Nyunt, G., & Robinson, T. (2017) · International journal of doctoral studies · doi:10.28945/3903 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Racial Microaggressions in the Workplace
DeCuir‐Gunby, J. T., & Gunby, N. W. (2016) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085916628610 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The Impact of Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs), Emerging HSIs, and Non-HSIs on Latina/o Academic Self-Concept
Cuellar, M. G. (2014) · Review of higher education/The review of higher education · doi:10.1353/rhe.2014.0032 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Multiracial college students’ experiences with multiracial microaggressions
Harris, J. C. (2016) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2016.1248836 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Asian International Student and Asian American Student: Mistaken Identity and Racial Microaggressions
Yeo, H. T., Mendenhall, R. M., Harwood, S. A., & Huntt, M. B. (2019) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v9i1.278 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Coping with racial battle fatigue: differences and similarities for African American and Mexican American college students
Franklin, J. D. (2019) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2019.1579178 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
‘Latino spaces have always been the most violent’: Afro-Latino collegians’ perceptions of colorism and Latino intragroup marginalization
Haywood, J. M. (2017) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2017.1350298 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Enabling possibility: Women associate professors’ sense of agency in career advancement.
Terosky, A. L., O’Meara, K., & Campbell, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Diversity in Higher Education · doi:10.1037/a0035775 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Racial Microaggressions in Academic Libraries: Results of a Survey of Minority and Non-minority Librarians
Alabi, J. (2015) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2014.10.008 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Increasing cultural understanding and diversity in applied behavior analysis.
Fong, E. H., Ficklin, S., & Lee, H. Y. (2017) · Behavior Analysis Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/bar0000076 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Pedagogies fromNepantla:Testimonio, Chicana/Latina Feminisms and Teacher Education Classrooms
Prieto, L., & Villenas, S. A. (2012) · Equity & Excellence in Education · doi:10.1080/10665684.2012.698197 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
An Overview of Community Cultural Wealth: Toward a Protective Factor Against Racism
Acevedo, N., & Solórzano, D. G. (2021) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/00420859211016531 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citation
Microaggressions Within Families: Experiences of Multiracial People
Nadal, K. L. Y., Sriken, J., Davidoff, K. C., Wong, Y., & McLean, K. L. (2013) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00752.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Visualizing Everyday Racism: Critical Race Theory, Visual Microaggressions, and the Historical Image of Mexican Banditry
Pérez Huber, L., & Solorzano, D. G. (2015) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/1077800414562899 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dynamic Diversity
Garcés, L. M., & Jayakumar, U. M. (2014) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x14529814 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
A Critical Race Case Analysis of Black Undergraduate Student Success at an Urban University
Harper, S. R., Smith, E., & Davis, C. H. F. (2016) · Urban Education · doi:10.1177/0042085916668956 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Reviewing Racial Microaggressions Research: Documenting Targets’ Experiences, Harmful Sequelae, and Resistance Strategies
Spanierman, L. B., Clark, D. A., & Kim, Y. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211019944 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Racial-ethnic microaggressions, coping strategies, and mental health in Asian American and Latinx American college students: A mediation model.
Sanchez, D., Adams, W. N., Arango, S., & Flannigan, A. (2018) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000249 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“But I’m oppressed too”: white male college students framing racial emotions as facts and recreating racism
Cabrera, N. L. (2014) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2014.901574 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
By Design: How Departments Influence Graduate Student Agency in Career Advancement
O’Meara, K., Jaeger, A. J., Eliason, J., Grantham, A. E., Cowdery, K., Mitchall, A., & Zhang, K. J. (2014) · International journal of doctoral studies · doi:10.28945/2048 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
That's so gay!: microaggressions and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community
(2013) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-0562 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
COVID-19 and the Racial Equity Implications of Reopening College and University Campuses
Harper, S. R. (2020) · American Journal of Education · doi:10.1086/711095 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Racism and the Experiences of Latina/o College Students at a PWI (Predominantly White Institution)
Robertson, R. V., Bravo, A., & Chaney, C. (2014) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/0896920514532664 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Unmasking white fragility: how whiteness and white student resistance impacts anti-racist education
Evans‐Winters, V. E., & Hines, D. E. (2019) · Whiteness and Education · doi:10.1080/23793406.2019.1675182 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Theoretical Foundations and a Research Agenda to Validate Measures of Intercultural Effort
Dowd, A. C., Sawatzky, M., & Korn, R. (2011) · Review of higher education/The review of higher education · doi:10.1353/rhe.2011.0033 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Adverse racial climates in academia: Conceptualization, interventions, and call to action
Williams, M. T. (2019) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2019.05.002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Studying the Professional Lives and Work of Faculty Involved in Community Engagement
O’Meara, K., Sandmann, L. R., Saltmarsh, J., & Giles, D. E. (2010) · Innovative Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10755-010-9159-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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Authors: Yosso, T., Smith, W., Ceja, M., & Solórzano, D.
Affiliations: University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
University of Utah (US)
California State University, Northridge (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: Smith, William
Ceja, Miguel
Solórzano, Daniel
Venue: Harvard Educational Review
Publisher: Harvard Education Publishing Group
Published: 2009-12-01
Volume: 79
Issue: 4
Pages: 659-691
ISSN: 0017-8055 (ISSN-L)
1943-5045
DOI: 10.17763/haer.79.4.m6867014157m707l
OpenAlex: W1854723823
Cited by: 1,221
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 42 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 135 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 79 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 106 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 75 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 65.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Harvard Educational Review (publishedVersion)
California State University ScholarWorks (system-wide DSpace) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: critical race theory, racial microaggressions, Latina/o students, campus racial climate, selective colleges, student empowerment, community building, higher education

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Critical Race Theory, Racial Microaggressions, and Campus Racial Climate for Latina/o Undergraduates

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