Biochar Application to Soil
Abstract
Biochar is increasingly being recognized by scientists and policy makers for its potential role in carbon sequestration, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy, waste mitigation, and as a soil amendment. The published reviews on biochar application to soil have so far focused mainly on the agronomic benefits, and have paid little attention to the potential unintended effects. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a balanced perspective on the agronomic and environmental impacts of biochar amendment to soil. The chapter highlights the physical and chemical characteristics of biochar, which can impact on the sorption, hence efficacy and biodegradation, of pesticides. As a consequence, weed control in biochar-amended soils may prove more difficult as preemergent herbicides may be less effective. Since biochars are often prepared from a variety of feedstocks (including waste materials), the potential introduction of contaminants needs to be considered before land application. Metal contaminants, in particular, have been shown to impact on plant growth, and soil microbial and faunal communities. Biochar has also been shown to influence a range of soil chemical properties, and rapid changes to nutrient availability, pH, and electrical conductivity need to be carefully considered to avoid unintended consequences for productivity. This chapter highlights some key areas of research which need to be completed to ensure a safe and sustainable use of biochar. In particular, understanding characteristics of biochars to avoid ecotoxicological impacts, understanding the effects of biochar on nutrient and contaminant behavior and transport, the effects of aging and the influence of feedstock and pyrolysis conditions on key properties are some of the areas that require attention.
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Biochar's high surface area and its ability to adsorb nutrients provides a highly favorable habitat to microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to colonize, grow and reproduce.
“Biochar's high surface area and its ability to adsorb nutrients, provides a highly favorable habitat to microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to colonize, grow and reproduce (Kookana et al., 2011;Thies and Rilling, 2009).”
From Biochar implications for sustainable agriculture and environment: A review (2019) · cites this paper as Kookana et al., 2011
The application of biochar to soils has been shown to achieve net carbon gain in soils while also serving for increased plant biomass production by enhancing the nutrient supply to plants and increasing nutrient and water use efficiencies (NUE and WUE) by plants.
“In this connection, the application of biochar to soils has been shown to achieve the net carbon gain in soils while also serving for increased plant biomass production by enhancing the nutrient supply to plants and increasing nutrient and water use efficiencies (NUE and WUE) by plants (Kookana et al., 2011; Lehmann et al., 2015; Minasny et al., 2017).”
From A review on biochar modulated soil condition improvements and nutrient dynamics concerning crop yields: Pathways to climate change mitigation and global food security (2019) · cites this paper as Kookana et al., 2011
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
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“Besides, BC-treated soil may change the pH value, which will have an impact on organisms (El-Naggar et al. 2018; Kookana et al. 2011).”
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- Authors
- Kookana, R. S., Sarmah, A. K., Van Zwieten, L., Krull, E., & Singh, B.
- Affiliations
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research (NZ)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Venue
- Advances in agronomy
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2011
- Pages
- 103-143
- ISSN
- 0065-2113 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W102128030
- Cited by
- 712
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 64 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 94.28
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in agronomy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Keywords
- biochar, soil amendment, unintended consequences, pesticide sorption, herbicide efficacy, weed control, metal contaminants, soil microbial communities, soil chemical properties, nutrient availability, soil pH, electrical conductivity, ecotoxicology, biochar aging, pyrolysis conditions, feedstock, carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, waste
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