Biochar and hydrochar effects on greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane) fluxes from soils
Abstract
With a growing world population and global warming, we are challenged to increase food production while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We studied the effects of biochar (BC) and hydrochar (HC) produced via pyrolysis or hydrothermal carbonization, respectively, on GHG fluxes in three laboratory incubation studies. In the first experiment, ryegrass was grown in sandy loam mixed with equal amounts of a nitrogen-rich peanut hull BC, compost, BC+compost, double compost, or no addition (control); wetting-drying cycles and N fertilization were applied. Biochar with or without compost significantly reduced NO emissions and did not change the CH uptake, whereas ryegrass yield was significantly increased. In the second experiment, 0% (control) or 8% (w/w) of BC (peanut hull, maize, wood chip, or charcoal) or 8% HC (beet chips or bark) was mixed into a soil and incubated at 65% water-holding capacity (WHC) for 140 d. Treatments included simulated plowing and N fertilization. All BCs reduced NO emissions by ∼60%. Hydrochars reduced NO emissions only initially but significantly increased them after N fertilization to 302% (HC-beet) and 155% (HC-bark) of the control emissions, respectively. Large HC-associated CO emissions suggested that microbial activity was stimulated and that HC was less stable than BC. In the third experiment, nutrient-rich peanut hull BC addition and incubation over 1.5 yr at high WHCs did not promote NO emissions. However, NO emissions were significantly increased with BC after NHNO addition. In conclusion, BC reduced NO emissions and improved the GHG-to-yield ratio under field-relevant conditions. However, the risk of increased NO emissions with HC addition must be carefully evaluated.
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Hydrochar-derived supercapacitors exhibit higher cycle stability and power density, whereas rechargeable batteries show lower cycle stability, discharge/charge rate, and higher energy density.
“In general, hydrochar-derived supercapacitors exhibit higher cycle stability and power density, whereas rechargeable batteries show lower cycle stability, discharge/charge rate, and a higher energy density [116].”
From Hydrochar: A Review on Its Production Technologies and Applications (2021) · cites this paper as [116]
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- Authors
- Kammann, C., Ratering, S., Eckhard, C., & Müller, C.
- Affiliations
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (DE)
- Dep. of Plant Ecology; Justus-Liebig-Univ. Giessen, Germany; Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 D-35392 Giessen Germany
- Corresponding author
- Kammann, Claudia
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Quality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1052-1066
- ISSN
- 0047-2425 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2053225153
- Cited by
- 331
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 41.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Quality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University College Dublin
- Justus-Liebig University Gießen
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Soil and Unsaturated Flow
- Keywords
- biochar, hydrochar, greenhouse gas emissions, nitrous oxide emissions, methane flux, CO2 flux, soil carbon sequestration, pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, nitrogen fertilization, ryegrass, compost, wetting-drying cycles, microbial activity, soil amendment
- MeSH terms
- Carbon Dioxide, Charcoal, Lolium, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Soil, Time Factors, Water, Greenhouse Effect, Nitrification
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