Virtual reality exposure therapy for reducing school anxiety in adolescents: Pilot study
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is a promising treatment approach for anxiety disorders. However, while its efficacy has been demonstrated in adults, research on the efficacy of VRET in the treatment of adolescents with anxiety disorders is largely lacking. OBJECTIVE: A pilot study was carried out to test whether exposure to a virtual reality (VR) school environment elicits state anxiety and autonomic arousal in adolescents with school anxiety (diagnoses covering social anxiety disorder or specific phobia involving school contexts). In addition, we examined whether repeated VR exposure led to a reduction in this fear response, trait school anxiety, and social anxiety symptoms. Moreover, the relationship of presence, the subjective sense of "being there," during VR exposure with anxiety measures and treatment response was examined. METHODS: In a pilot study, 10 adolescents with school anxiety (age range 14 to 17 years) participated in five VRET sessions. Self-reported state anxiety, heart rate, and presence during exposure, as well as trait school anxiety and social anxiety before and after treatment, were measured. RESULTS: =0.74) and social anxiety symptoms (d=0.82) as well as a trend toward a decrease in trait school anxiety were observed, while autonomic arousal did not change. In addition, presence during VR exposure was associated with state anxiety and treatment response. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate the feasibility and potential effectiveness of VRET as a treatment method for symptoms of school and social anxiety in adolescents.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure in virtual reality (VR) is a promising intervention for treating speaking anxiety in pediatric populations.
“Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure in virtual reality (VR) emerges as a promising intervention for treating speaking anxiety in pediatric populations.”
From Speaking face-to-face with a virtual avatar to reduce anxiety in students who stutter: Tool development and pilot study results. (2026) · cites this paper as Beele et al., 2024
The Introduction reports reduced public-speaking anxiety in adolescents after a virtual-classroom speech task, and the Discussion describes this pilot’s VR exposure as potentially effective for school and social anxiety symptoms. However, the pilot did not establish an outcome specific to speaking anxiety or test a full CBT-plus-VR intervention; the Discussion distinguishes its exposure treatment from approaches that add cognitive-behavioral methods. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredVR exposure in CBT holds potential as an alternative therapeutic technique for treating phobias and social anxiety in adults and children.
“Virtual reality (VR) exposure in CBT holds potential as an alternative therapeutic technique for treating phobias and social anxiety in adults (Bouchard et al., 2017; Chesham et al., 2018; Horigome et al., 2020; Wechsler et al., 2019) and children (Beele et al., 2024; Man et al., 2024; Parrish et al., 2016; Wong Sarver et al., 2014).”
From Speaking face-to-face with a virtual avatar to reduce anxiety in students who stutter: Tool development and pilot study results. (2026) · cites this paper as Beele et al., 2024
The Discussion’s Conclusions report preliminary evidence that VR exposure may help school and social anxiety symptoms in adolescents, supporting the claim’s qualified statement about its potential. The Limitations caution that the findings may not generalize to children or people without social anxiety disorder; the study does not establish its potential for treating phobias in children more broadly. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396 · see citing works
Maximizing exposure therapy: An inhibitory learning approach
Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Conway, C. C., Zbozinek, T., & Vervliet, B. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.006 · Cited by 2,339 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The “inhibitory learning model” [51] emphasizes the relevance of expectancy violations, that is, the mismatch between expected and actual outcomes during exposure.”
BackgroundThe Experience of Presence: Factor Analytic Insights
Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., & Regenbrecht, H. (2001) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/105474601300343603 · Cited by 2,303 · see citing works
Moltu, C., Stefansen, J., Svisdahl, M., & Veseth, M. (2012) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.656792 · Cited by 1,247 · see citing works
Avenevoli, S. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.160 · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
Diemer, J., Alpers, G. W., Peperkorn, H. M., Shiban, Y., & Mühlberger, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00026 · Cited by 959 · see citing works
School absenteeism and school refusal behavior in youth: A contemporary review
Kearney, C. A. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.012 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Carl, E., Stein, A. T., Levihn-Coon, A., Pogue, J. R., Rothbaum, B., Emmelkamp, P., Asmundson, G. J. G., Carlbring, P., & Powers, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
Attenuated free cortisol response to psychosocial stress in children with atopic dermatitis
Buske-Kirschbaum, A., Jobst, S., Wustmans, A., Kirschbaum, C., Rauh, W., & Hellhammer, D. (1997) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199707000-00012 · Cited by 696 · see citing works
The practice of behavior therapy
Rachman, S. (1992) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(92)90103-n · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta-analysis
Opriş, D., Pintea, S., García-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Szamosközi, Ş., & David, D. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20910 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
School Refusal and Psychiatric Disorders: A Community Study
Egger, H. L., Costello, J. E., & Angold, A. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000046865.56865.79 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Evidence Base Update: 50 Years of Research on Treatment for Child and Adolescent Anxiety
Higa-McMillan, C. K., Francis, S. E., Rith-Najarian, L., & Chorpita, B. F. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1046177 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
The impact of anxiety disorders on educational achievement
Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., & Farvolden, P. (2003) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00228-1 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
(2012) · SpringerReference · doi:10.1007/springerreference_179660 · Cited by 527 · see citing works
Bernardi, L., Wdowczyk‐Szulc, J., Valenti, C., Castoldi, S., Passino, C., Spadacini, G., & Sleight, P. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00595-7 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Morina, N., Ijntema, H., Meyerbröker, K., & Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.010 · Cited by 439 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The effects appear to generalize to daily life and are maintained [37-39].”
BackgroundGarcia-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Hoffman, H., & Fabregat, S. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.9962 · Cited by 410 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Moreover, youth who are unwilling to participate in exposure in vivo may be more likely to choose VRET because it could be more acceptable [35,36].”
BackgroundWhat Can Affect AOD–PM2.5 Association?
Kumar, N. (2010) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0901732 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1992) · Methodological issues & strategies in clinical research. · doi:10.1037/10109-042 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Psychotherapy of Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A Meta-Analysis
In-Albon, T., & Schneider, S. (2007) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000096361 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Bouchard, S., Dumoulin, S., Robillard, G., Guitard, T., Klinger, É., Forget, H., Loranger, C., & Roucaut, F. X. (2017) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.184234 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Ginsburg, G. S., Kendall, P. C., Sakolsky, D., Compton, S. N., Piacentini, J., Albano, A. M., Walkup, J. T., Sherrill, J., Coffey, K. A., Rynn, M. A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025933 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
ARTiiFACT: a tool for heart rate artifact processing and heart rate variability analysis.
Kaufmann, T., Sütterlin, S., Schulz, S. M., & Vögele, C. (2011) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0107-7 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Wechsler, T. F., Kümpers, F., & Mühlberger, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01758 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Leigh, E., & Clark, D. M. (2018) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0258-5 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Rothbaum, B. O., Anderson, P., Zimand, E., Hodges, L., Lang, D., & Wilson, J. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.04.004 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Whiteside, S. P. H., Sim, L., Farah, W., Morrow, A. S., Alsawas, M., Barrionuevo, P., Tello, M., Asi, N., Beuschel, B., et al. (2017) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.3036 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
The role of presence in virtual reality exposure therapy
Price, M., & Anderson, P. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.11.002 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Public Speaking Anxiety: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Wallach, H. S., Safir, M. P., & Bar-Zvi, M. (2009) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445509331926 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Ling, Y., Nefs, H. T., Morina, N., Heynderickx, I., & Brinkman, W.-P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096144 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Factors associated with practitioners’ use of exposure therapy for childhood anxiety disorders
Whiteside, S. P. H., Deacon, B. J., Benito, K., & Stewart, E. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.04.001 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Trajectories of change in youth anxiety during cognitive—behavior therapy.
Peris, T. S., Compton, S. N., Kendall, P. C., Birmaher, B., Sherrill, J., March, J., Gosch, E., Ginsburg, G., Rynn, M., McCracken, J. T., et al. (2015) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038402 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Whiteside, S. P. H., Sim, L. A., Morrow, A. S., Farah, W. H., Hilliker, D. R., Murad, M. H., & Wang, Z. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00303-2 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Exposure Treatment in Phobias: a Systematic Review
Freitas, J. R. S., Velosa, V. H. S., Abreu, L. T. N., Jardim, R. L., Santos, J. A. V., Peres, B., & Campos, P. F. (2021) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-021-09935-6 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Price, M., Mehta, N., Tone, E. B., & Anderson, P. L. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.03.004 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Hudson, J. L., Rapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., McLellan, L. F., Wuthrich, V. M., & Schniering, C. A. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.06.007 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Lindner, P., Miloff, A., Fagernäs, S., Andersen, J., Sigeman, M., Andersson, G., Furmark, T., & Carlbring, P. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.07.003 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Effect of multiple context exposure on renewal in spider phobia
Shiban, Y., Pauli, P., & Mühlberger, A. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.10.007 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Practitioner Review: School refusal: developments in conceptualisation and treatment since 2000
Elliott, J. G., & Place, M. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12848 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Pittig, A., Kotter, R., & Hoyer, J. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.07.003 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Horigome, T., Kurokawa, S., Sawada, K., Kudo, S., Shiga, K., Mimura, M., & Kishimoto, T. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003785 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Solhjoo, S., Haigney, M. C., McBee, E. C., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., Schuwirth, L., Artino, A. R., Battista, A., Ratcliffe, T. A., Lee, H. D., & Durning, S. J. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50280-3 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Virtual reality therapy in social anxiety disorder
Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Meyerbröker, K., & Morina, N. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-01156-1 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Virtual reality exposure in anxiety disorders: Impact on psychophysiological reactivity
Diemer, J., Mühlberger, A., Pauli, P., & Zwanzger, P. (2014) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2014.892632 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Assessing Reasons for School Non-attendance
Havik, T., Bru, E., & Ertesvåg, S. K. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2014.904424 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Cognitive Correlates of Social Phobia Among Children and Adolescents
Alfano, C. A., Beidel, D. C., & Turner, S. M. (2006) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-9012-9 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Scaini, S., Belotti, R., Ogliari, A., & Battaglia, M. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.008 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Psychopathology of Adolescent Social Phobia
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Young, B. J., Ammerman, R. T., Sallee, F. R., & Crosby, L. (2007) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-006-9021-1 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Validity of the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale in EMDR
Kim, D., Bae, H., & Park, Y. C. (2008) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.1.57 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Autonomic correlates of the subjective anxiety scale
Thyer, B. A., Papsdorf, J. D., Davis, R., & Vallecorsa, S. (1984) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(84)90115-0 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Treatment for School Refusal Among Children and Adolescents
Maynard, B. R., Heyne, D., Brendel, K. E., Bulanda, J. J., Thompson, A., & Pigott, T. D. (2018) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731515598619 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Kahlon, S., Lindner, P., & Nordgreen, T. (2019) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-019-0307-y · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Causal interactive links between presence and fear in virtual reality height exposure
Gromer, D., Reinke, M., Christner, I., & Pauli, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00141 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Epstein, S., Roberts, E., Sedgwick, R., Polling, C., Finning, K., Ford, T., Dutta, R., & Downs, J. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01327-3 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Ingul, J. M., & Nordahl, H. M. (2013) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-12-25 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Smerillo, N. E., Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., & Ou, S.-R. (2018) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2017.11.001 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Zimmer, P., Buttlar, B., Halbeisen, G., Walther, E., & Domes, G. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.010 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Subjective, Autonomic, and Endocrine Reactivity during Social Stress in Children with Social Phobia
Krämer, M., Seefeldt, W. L., Heinrichs, N., Tuschen‐Caffier, B., Schmitz, J., Wolf, O. T., & Jens Blechert, A. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9548-9 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Seddon, J. A., Rodriguez, V. J., Provencher, Y., Raftery-Helmer, J., Hersh, J., Labelle, P. R., & Thomassin, K. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104582 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Controlling social stress in virtual reality environments
Hartanto, D., Kampmann, I. L., Morina, N., Emmelkamp, P. G. M., Neerincx, M. A., & Brinkman, W.-P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092804 · Cited by 115 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This finding aligns with previous research demonstrating that virtual social-evaluative situations can evoke anxiety in both adults [40,74-77] and youth [44].”
ResultHeyne, D. A., Sauter, F. M., van Widenfelt, B. M., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., & Westenberg, P. M. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.04.006 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Can Virtual Reality Effectively Elicit Distress Associated with Social Anxiety Disorder?
Owens, M. E., & Beidel, D. C. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9454-x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The correlates and consequences of early appearing social anxiety in young children
Weeks, M., Coplan, R. J., & Kingsbury, A. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.06.006 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Trier Social Stress Test in vivo and in virtual reality: Dissociation of response domains.
Shiban, Y., Diemer, J., Brandl, S., Zack, R., Mühlberger, A., & Wüst, S. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.10.008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Reeves, R., Elliott, A., Curran, D., Dyer, K., & Hanna, D. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102451 · Cited by 82 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In addition, our results indicate a relationship between presence and treatment response, in particular school reluctance, aligning with prior research on VRET for public speaking anxiety [55,60].”
BackgroundResultFilippello, P., Buzzai, C., Costa, S., & Sorrenti, L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01471 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder
Morina, N., Kampmann, I., Emmelkamp, P., Barbui, C., & Hoppen, T. H. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001690 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Carvalho, P. F., & Goldstone, R. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00505 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Feasibility of Virtual Reality Environments for Adolescent Social Anxiety Disorder
Parrish, D., Oxhandler, H. K., Duron, J.-B., Swank, P., & Bordnick, P. (2016) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731514568897 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Heart Rate Variability in Adolescents – Normative Data Stratified by Sex and Physical Activity
Sharma, V. K. (2015) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/15373.6662 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Assessing resting heart rate in adolescents: determinants and correlates
Rabbia, F., Grosso, T., Genova, G. C., Conterno, A., Vito, B. D., Mulatero, P., Chiandussi, L., & Veglio, F. (2002) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001398 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Kothgassner, O. D., & Felnhofer, A. (2021) · neuropsychiatrie · doi:10.1007/s40211-020-00349-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Common Barriers to the Dissemination of Exposure Therapy for Youth with Anxiety Disorders
Reid, A. M., Bolshakova, M. I., Guzick, A. G., Fernandez, A. G., Striley, C. W., Geffken, G. R., & McNamara, J. P. (2017) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-017-0108-9 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Reasons include lack of resources and inconvenient scheduling of sessions [30,31], especially in school settings.”
BackgroundThe use of virtual reality in assessment and treatment of anxiety and related disorders
Meyerbröker, K., & Nexhmedin Morina, B. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2623 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Wong Sarver, N., Beidel, D. C., & Spitalnick, J. S. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.843461 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Felnhofer, A., Hlavacs, H., Beutl, L., Kryspin-Exner, I., & Kothgassner, O. (2019) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0221 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
An exploration of the relationship between trait anxiety and school attendance in young people
Richards, H. J., & Hadwin, J. A. (2011) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-011-9054-9 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The effectiveness of self-guided virtual-reality exposure therapy for public-speaking anxiety
Premkumar, P., Heym, N., Brown, D. J., Battersby, S., Sumich, A., Huntington, B., Daly, R., & Zysk, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.694610 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Distinguishing emotional from physical activation in ambulatory psychophysiological monitoring
Wilhelm, F. H., Pfaltz, M. C., Grossman, P., & Roth, W. T. (2006) · PubMed · doi:10.5451/unibas-ep9413 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sieß, J., Jens Blechert, A., & Schmitz, J. (2013) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-013-0443-5 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Overlapping and non-overlapping practices in usual and evidence-based care for youth anxiety
Higa-McMillan, C., Kotte, A., Jackson, D., & Daleiden, E. L. (2017) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-016-9502-2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lundkvist‐Houndoumadi, I., & Thastum, M. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1982 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Finally, the majority of participants had comorbid depression, which may have negatively affected the treatment response [94,95].”
BackgroundLeehr, E. J., Roesmann, K., Böhnlein, J., Dannlowski, U., Gathmann, B., Herrmann, M. J., Junghöfer, M., Schwarzmeier, H., Seeger, F. R., Siminski, N., et al. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102448 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Scheveneels, S., Boddez, Y., Van Daele, T., & Hermans, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02849 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Gonzálvez, C., Díaz-Herrero, Á., Sanmartín, R., Vicent, M., Fernández‐Sogorb, A., & García-Fernández, J. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.598915 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
School-Based Intensive Exposure Therapy for School Refusal Behavior
Maeda, N., Hatada, S., Sonoda, J., & Takayama, I. (2012) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650112457456 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The influences of virtual social feedback on social anxiety disorders
Kishimoto, T., & Ding, X.-F. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465819000377 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Asbrand, J., Heinrichs, N., Schmidtendorf, S., Nitschke, K., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00954-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationOptimierung expositionsbasierter Therapie
Pittig, A., Stevens, S., Vervliet, B., Treanor, M., Conway, C., Zbozinek, T. D., & Craske, M. G. (2015) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-015-0042-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Walter, D., Hautmann, C., Rizk, S., Lehmkuhl, G., & Döepfner, M. (2014) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2014.934173 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mumm, J., Pyrkosch, L., Plag, J., Nagel, P., Petzold, M. B., Bischoff, S., Fehm, L., Fydrich, T., & Ströhle, A. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.03.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Servera, M., Sáez, B., & Gelabert, J. M. (2020) · Revista de Psicología Clínica con Niños y Adolescentes · doi:10.21134/rpcna.2020.07.2.2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Roesmann, K., Leehr, E., Böhnlein, J., Gathmann, B., Herrmann, M. J., Junghöfer, M., Schwarzmeier, H., Seeger, F., Siminski, N., Straube, T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102790 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
What Does Your Transcript Say About You, and What Can You Do If It Says Things You Don't Like?
Appleby, D. C. (2003) · Eye on Psi Chi Magazine · doi:10.24839/1092-0803.eye7.2.21 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Autonomic Dysregulation in Child Social Anxiety Disorder: An Experimental Design Using CBT Treatment
Asbrand, J., Vögele, C., Heinrichs, N., Nitschke, K., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2022) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-022-09548-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationSchulabsentismus – Voraussetzungen einer erfolgreichen Therapie
Hilwerling, L., Linnenbank, M., Flockert, H., Wedemeyer, M., Warnking, G., Blanke, J., Berlage, P., Schomberg, D., & Weglage, J. (2020) · Klinische Pädiatrie · doi:10.1055/a-1198-5684 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Petermann, F., & Petermann, U. (2010) · Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde · doi:10.1007/s00112-010-2180-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Diagnostik psychischer Störungen
Döpfner, M., & Görtz‐Dorten, A. (2020) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58980-9_2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hugon, M., Delgado, B., Inglés, C. J., Montesinos, M. D. H., García-Fernández, J. M., & Martínez-Monteagudo, M. C. (2015) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.bl · Cited by 3 · see citing works
(2018) · University of Iowa Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt20q1z7w.21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Morschitzky, H. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-211-09449-5_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
‘Sitting down, you can do on your own time’
Scott, S. (2017) · Policy Press eBooks · doi:10.1332/policypress/9781447322030.003.0013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Krokusse, die durch den Schnee brechen?
Sharot, T. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41669-9_6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wenn du den Eindruck hast, geschickter zu sein als die anderen, dann behalte es für dich
Liès, M. M. (2016) · Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.3139/9783446447660.072 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rosenblum-Lowden, R., & Kimmel, F. L. (2008) · Corwin Press eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483329710.n21 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gruberová, E., & Zeller, H. (2017) · C.H.Beck eBooks · doi:10.17104/9783406712982-48 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cyclic codes of length $ 2p^n $ over finite chain rings
Silva, A., & Milies, C. P. (2019) · Advances in Mathematics of Communications · doi:10.3934/amc.2020017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Angst: „Die Starre verhindert das Wachsen der Resilienz“
(2021) · Erfahrungsheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1556-5383 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2022) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783957103871-269 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2016) · Lernen und Lernstörungen · doi:10.1024/2235-0977/a000126 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wenn dich die Freude frisst oder Freust du dich – dann fress ich dich
Böker, I. (2012) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/transcript.9783839421017.265 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Melfsen, S., & Walitza, S. (2021) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-61160-9_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Purves, L. (2007) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203967805-28 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Peate, I. (2024) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2024.33.1.5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Grenon, S., Hoang, K. N., Luo, S., & Koch, A. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1643466 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Virtual Reality as an Innovative Tool for Youth Mental Health
Blondell, V. J., & Thomson, N. D. (2025) · Encyclopedia · doi:10.3390/encyclopedia5040215 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Uduwa-vidanalage, E. S., Lee, J. D., Hermans, D., Engelhard, I. M., Scheveneels, S., & Meyerbröker, K. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06756-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fradette, M.-J., Azrak, J., Cousineau, F., Désilets, M., & Dumais, A. (2025) · BioMedInformatics · doi:10.3390/biomedinformatics5030048 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lin, W., Liu, L., & Faridniya, H. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.106088 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Baschab, J. F., Moehler, E., & Hussong, J. (2026) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-025-02945-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kubo, T., & Kato, T. A. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000996 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Li, L., Li, Q., Wang, J., Fu, Q., & Chi, M. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07227-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Virtuelle Realitäten: Neue Therapiemöglichkeiten bei Angststörungen
Schöttler, M., & Felnhofer, A. (2025) · KJP up2date · doi:10.1055/a-2409-9510 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Delangle, M., Moïse-Richard, A., Leclercq, A.-L., Labbé, D., Bouchard, S., Andrews, S., & Ménard, L. (2026) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2026.106194 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pourhamidi, A., Kim, C., & Kim, H. K. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app152312574 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Aggarwal, A., Amrutha, K., & Smera, C. (2025) · International Conference on Mobile Networks and Wireless Communications (ICMNWC) · doi:10.1109/icmnwc66779.2025.11354292 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Singh, K., Shukla, U., & K, J. C. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00592-1
Lu, T., Zheng, H., Wen, X., Shen, X., Zhang, Q., Zhang, D., Li, F., & Zhong, H. (2026) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-026-01050-3
Sinem, A. C. A. R., Doğan, U., Sarıcaoğlu, H., Üzmez, H., & Dağılgan, E. B. (2026) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.a.429
Leigh, E., & Waite, F. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105072
Razavi, F. E.-S., Ebrahimi, M. I., & Nazari, A. (2025) · مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان · doi:10.66224/jrums.24.8.675
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Rossi, C., & Frisone, F. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52643-5_166-1
APPLICATIONS OF VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGY IN PSYCHIATRY – A REVIEW
Rybicki, W., Dutczak, R., Sobieska, A., Korpacka, A., Mularczyk, P., Okoń, M., Lecyk, Z., Gawlik, A., & Lubowiecka, M. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6405
Teacher Perspectives on Social Virtual Reality for Remote School Participation
Naylor, S., Høeg, E. R., & Adjorlu, A. (2026) · Proceedings of the International Conference on Disability Virtual Reality & Associated Technologies · doi:10.54337/aau.icdvrat26.46
- Authors
- Beele, G., Liesong, P., Bojanowski, S., Hildebrand, K., Weingart, M., Asbrand, J., Correll, C. U., Morina, N., & Uhlhaas, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Berliner Hochschule für Technik (DE)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena (DE)
- Northwell Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Uhlhaas, Peter J
- ORCID
- Venue
- JMIR Mental Health
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2024-11-05
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- e56235
- ISSN
- 2368-7959 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11576610
- OpenAlex
- W4404061305
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12
- FWCI
- 5.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JMIR Mental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, school anxiety, adolescents, social anxiety, state anxiety, autonomic arousal, presence, heart rate, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Adolescent, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Male, Phobic Disorders, Pilot Projects, Schools, Students, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
