A Smartphone App for Adolescents With Sleep Disturbance: Development of the Sleep Ninja
Open accessAbstract
Background: Sleep disturbances are common in young people and have consequences for academic, social, emotional, and behavioral development. The most effective treatment is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), with evidence suggesting that it is efficacious even when delivered digitally. Objective: There are no commercially available digitally delivered CBT-I programs for use by young people. The aim of this project was to develop a smartphone app that delivers CBT-I to young people to improve sleep. Methods: To inform the development of the app, young people (N=21) aged between 12 and 16 years attended one of the 3 focus groups (each with 4-10 participants). These focus groups were conducted at different stages of the development process such that the process could be iterative. Participants were asked the reasons why they might use an app to help them sleep, the kinds of features or functions that they would like to see in such an app, and any concerns they may have in using the app. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Of the issues discussed by the participants, the researchers selected themes associated with content, functionality, and accessibility and user experience to examine, as these were most informative for the app design process. Results: In terms of content, young people were interested in receiving information about recommended sleep guidelines and personalized information for their age group. They reported that keeping a sleep diary was acceptable, but they should be able to complete it flexibly, in their own time. They reported mixed views about the use of the phone’s accelerometer. Young people felt that the functionality of the app should include elements of game playing if they were to remain engaged with the app. Flexibility of use and personalized features were also desirable, and there were mixed views about the schedule of notifications and reminders. Participants reported that for the app to be accessible and usable, it should be from a trusted developer, have engaging aesthetics, have a layout that is easy to navigate, not rely on Internet coverage, and preferably be free. Participants felt that being able to conceal the purpose of the app from peers was an advantage and were willing to provide personal information to use the app if the purpose and use of that information was made clear. Overall, participants endorsed the use of the app for sleep problems among their age group and reported motivation to use it. Conclusions: The Sleep Ninja is a fully-automated app that delivers CBT-I to young people, incorporating the features and information that young people reported they would expect from this app. A pilot study testing the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of the Sleep Ninja is now underway.
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A 10% subsample of individuals who participate in the intervention condition (N=20) is likely to reach data saturation according to prior studies.
“For the qualitative interviews, we will recruit a 10% subsample of individuals who participate in the intervention condition to assess their experience with the app (N=20), which is likely to reach data saturation according to prior studies [30,31].”
From A mobile health intervention (LifeBuoy App) to help young people manage suicidal thoughts: protocol for a mixed-methods randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [30]
The Results (Participant Characteristics; page unavailable) report 21 adolescents in three focus groups, and the Methods (Design; page unavailable) describe how those groups were conducted. Neither section says that 20 interviews, or a 10% subsample of an intervention group, is likely to reach data saturation; a search for data and thematic saturation found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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Calear, A. L., Batterham, P. J., McCallum, S. M., Banfield, M., Moore, E., Johnson, N., & Morse, A. R. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/48945 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Investigating the effects of a novel gamified cognitive training on adolescent mental health
Grunewald, K., Minihan, S., Andrews, J. L., Songco, A., Blakemore, S.-J., Chau, A. K. C., Fischer, J., Fox, E., Nelissen, A. B., Raffe, W., et al. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00917-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationMental health support app with mood tracking and resources
Pempho, J., & Melvin, M. (2024) · i-manager s Journal on Mobile Applications and Technologies · doi:10.26634/jmt.11.1.20662 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Development of Conversational AI for Sleep Coaching Programme
Shim, H. (2021) · Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Student Research Workshop (EACL SRW) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.eacl-srw.17 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Hałabuda, Z., & Rynkiewicz, K. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.1(49).2026.4925 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Moghadam, S., Husted, M., Aznar, A., & Gray, D. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/51322 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Sampling of Sleep Apps and Their Benefits
Becker, D. A. (2023) · Journal of Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries · doi:10.1080/15424065.2023.2174237 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Investigating the effects of a novel gamified cognitive training on adolescent mental healthPreprint
Grunewald, K., Minihan, S., Andrews, J. L., Songco, A., Blakemore, S., Chau, A. K. C., Fischer, J., Fox, E., Nelissen, A. B., Raffe, W. L., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5900018/v1
Self-citationDigital Innovations for Managing Sleep Problems in Adolescents
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Sleep by the numbers: human-centeredness and the immanent posthumanism of users
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Identifying, Recruiting, and Retaining Adolescents in Health Research
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Pilot Study and Evaluation of a Sleep Health Education Program for Early High School
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Whīria moe: a pilot trial of the Sleep Ninja CBT-I app for adolescents in Aotearoa, New Zealand
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Werner-Seidler, A., O'Dea, B., Shand, F., Johnston, L., Frayne, A., Fogarty, A. S., & Christensen, H.
- Affiliations
- Black Dog Institute (AU)
- ORCID
- Venue
- JMIR Mental Health
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2017-07-28
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e28
- ISSN
- 2368-7959 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5554352
- OpenAlex
- W2741015190
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 5.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JMIR Mental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Myer Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, adolescents, sleep disorders, digital mental health interventions, app development, user-centered design, sleep diary, accelerometer, gamification
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