APPETITES AND AVERSIONS AS CONSTITUENTS OF INSTINCTS
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Goal-directed behavior is thought to be divided into two general phases, appetitive and consummatory phases, served by distinct neuronal mechanisms.
“Goal-directed behavior is thought to be divided into two general phases, appetitive and consummatory phases (Craig, 1918; Konorski, 1967), served by distinct neuronal mechanisms.”
From Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex (2007) · cites this paper as Craig, 1918
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“''Liking'' facial expressions also belong to the consummatory class of motivated behaviors, which typically occurs after an initial appetitive phase of flexible seeking behavior (Craig, 1918; Sherrington, 1906).”
BackgroundIkemoto, S. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.004 · Cited by 1,477 · see citing works
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Salamone, J. D., & Correa, M. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.021 · Cited by 1,418 · see citing works
“The word ''consummatory'' (Craig, 1918) does not refer to ''consumption,'' but instead to ''consummation,'' which means ''to complete'' or ''to finish.''”
Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience
Berridge, K. C. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.02.004 · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
“Teitelbaum’s operant criterion drew conceptually on an earlier descriptive classification of motivated behavior, which was proposed a century ago by the early American ethologist, Wallace Craig (building on even earlier formulations by Sherrington and others; [34,147]).”
BackgroundDissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI
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“First, consummatory ingestive behavior in Craig’s original sense included the actuallicks and bites of voluntary eating [43].”
BackgroundInfluentialAnticipatory affect: neural correlates and consequences for choice
Knutson, B. D., & Greer, S. M. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0155 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
“At about the same time in history, ethologists distinguished between appetitive (i.e. when an organism anticipates incentives ) and consummatory behaviour (i.e. when an organism responds to incentive outcomes) to describe the temporal dynamics of motivated behaviour (Craig 1918).”
Alcaro, A., Huber, R., & Panksepp, J. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.07.014 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
“…share a common perspective based on the classic distinction between appetitive and consummatory phases of motivated behaviors (Sherrington, 1906; Craig, 1918), and with relatively minor differences, consider 1 An emotional behavior is a flexible and coherent adaptive response to biologically…”
BackgroundNeural Responses to Monetary Incentives in Major Depression
Knutson, B., Bhanji, J. P., Cooney, R. E., Atlas, L. Y., & Gotlib, I. H. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.07.023 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Hindbrain Neurons as an Essential Hub in the Neuroanatomically Distributed Control of Energy Balance
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“Feeding Behavior Craig (1918) distinguishes between a contact or consummatory phase for feeding behavior that is preceded by a search or appetitive phase.”
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The adaptive human parental brain: implications for children's social development
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Reexamination of the role of the hypothalamus in motivation.
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“As discussed previously, this framework applies to the classic distinction of 'appetitive' and 'consummatory' phases of behavioral sequences (Craig 1918) and, on a priori principles, would strongly suggest that the two phases are governed by at least partially nonoverlapping neural substrates.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHarshaw, C. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038101 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
“…that particular internal signals indicate needs for specific resources having particular exteroceptively perceptible sensory qualities and requiring particular behaviors to satisfy (Baldwin, 1896; Bruch, 1969, 1970; Buck, 1989a, 1989b; Craig, 1912, 1918; Hebb, 1949; Hall, Arnold, & Myers, 2000).”
BackgroundPanksepp, J., Knutson, B. D., & Burgdorf, J. S. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00025.x · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“In terms of general reward processes, as conceptualized traditionally (Sherrington 1906; Craig 1918), these fitness-tracking systems tend to operate in a symbiotic fashion, with dopamine-modulated systems regulating approach to rewards and opioid-modulated systems regulating reward consumption…”
BackgroundTeleological and Teleonomic, a New Analysis
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“He shifts his position until he finds a corner which more or less fits his body while in the tilted attitude (Craig, 1918).”
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“Feeding behaviour can be separated into two phases: an appetitive one consisting of searching and acquiring food and a consummatory one consisting of ingestion itself (Craig 1918).”
BackgroundEthological Studies On Lebistes Reticulatus (Peters)
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“The cyclical processing of rewards has classically been proposed to be associated with appetitive, consummatory and satiety phases (Sherrington, 1906; Craig, 1918).”
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“…there is ample precedent for dissociations between the performance of consummatory behaviour and the appetitive behaviour leading up to it (e.g. Craig, 1918), it is notable that the procedures of our potentiated feeding studies and the PIT studies of Hall et al. (2001) differed in two ways…”
ResultTeleological and Teleonomic, a New Analysis
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“In accordance with the traditional ethological distinction between appetitive and consummatory phases of incentive processing (Craig, 1918), we further predict that individuals are especially likely to experience PA states in anticipation of acquiring and consuming a reward (Knutson et al., 2001a).”
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“Essentially, this scheme followed from the work of early ethologists , such as Craig (1918), and experimental psychologists, such as Woodworth (1918), who defined appetitive (or " preparatory " ) behaviors as those which bring an animal from distal to proximal and into contact with goal objects or…”
MethodAmphetamine modulates human incentive processing
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“Previous research time, including both anticipatory and consummatory using this task suggests that while anticipation of gains phases (Craig, 1918).”
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“…out in Introduction, one of the characteristic features of preparatory responding is its flexible nature and such flexible preparatory behavior contrasts with the relatively inflexible, stereotypical behaviors required for the adequate commerce of reward (Baldo and Kelley, 2007; Craig, 1918).”
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“If we follow Craig in calling the craving for companionship an appetite, this second, negative factor is an "aversion," a state of agitation which continues so long as a certain stimulus is present but which ceases when that stimulus is withdrawn (Craig, 1918).”
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“The appetence for security, that is, may tum negative and become equivalent to what Craig (1918) proposed to call an "aversion."”
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“Craig (1918) calls this the appeted stimulus since animals often appear to search for it.”
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“Other behaviors related to the removal of the taste stimulus from the oral cavity are defined as aversive responses (Craig, 1918).”
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“ior organization featuring the steps of (1) need-related, spatially undirected search behavior and attention, (2) spatially directed orientation behavior and attention, and (3) eventual action and the embodiment of consequences (Craig 1918; Lorenz and Tinbergen 1938; Bullock and Horridge 1965; Lorenz 1973).”
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“Such animals have only unconditioned reflexes— “consummatory” reflexes [5]—and, having not learned to feed,—an “appetitive” response [5]—also fail to learn to seek or avoid other rewards.”
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“But still this was not nearly enough to provide a satisfactory basis for the understanding of behavior, although in many circles, especially Russian and British ones, it was considered more than adequate.”
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“Many researchers, from Craig [7] to the present day [40,41], have argued that control of appetitive and consummatory aspects of motivated behavior can be quite independent, and involve different brain systems.”
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“Anticipatory activity is goal directed and occurs during the appetitive phase [Craig, 1918; van der Harst and Spruijt, 2007] prior to acquiring many types of reward such as food, sex, and drugs [Webb et al., 2009].”
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“The other category of responses, including gapes, chin rubs, and forelimb flails, have been termed aversive responses because they are associated with the rejection of the stimulus from the mouth (Craig, 1918).”
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“Craig (1917, 1918)) later made a similar distinction but substituted the word “appetitive” for “precurrent”.”
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“These classes of behavior are representative of but one category of CRs, usually referred to as consummatory responses (Craig, 1918; Konorski, 1967), as opposed to a second category of responses, preparatory CRs, which are conditionable to CSs of longer duration (such as contextual and apparatus…”
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CONTROL AND TIMING OF FISH MIGRATION
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- Authors
- CRAIG, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Maine (US)
- Corresponding author
- CRAIG, WALLACE
- Venue
- The Biological Bulletin
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1918-02
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 91-107
- ISSN
- 0006-3185 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-8697
- OpenAlex
- W2526681586
- Cited by
- 702
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 3.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- appetite, aversion, instinct, innate behavior, animal behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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