Cited by 4,020Management and Organizational StudiesInnovation and Knowledge ManagementInformation Systems Theories and Implementation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 126 of the 126 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 75 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Reconceptualizing Organizational Routines as a Source of Flexibility and Change

Open access

Feldman, Martha S., Pentland, Brian T.·2003·Administrative Science Quarterly

DOI 10.2307/3556620

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Abstract

In this paper, we challenge the traditional understanding of organizational routines as creating inertia in organizations. We adapt Latour's distinction between ostensive and performative to build a theory that explains why routines are a source of change as well as stability. The ostensive aspect of a routine embodies what we typically think of as the structure. The performative aspect embodies the specific actions, by specific people, at specific times and places, that bring the routine to life. We argue that the ostensive aspect enables people to guide, account for, and refer to specific performances of a routine, and the performative aspect creates, maintains, and modifies the ostensive aspect of the routine. We argue that the relationship between ostensive and performative aspects of routines creates an on-going opportunity for variation, selection, and retention of new practices and patterns of action within routines and allows routines to generate a wide range of outcomes, from apparent stability to considerable change. This revised ontology of organizational routines provides a better explanation of empirical findings than existing theories of routines and has implications for a wide range of organizational theories.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/3556620

Cites

126 of 126 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

7 of 75 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Many scholars have provided empirical evidence of both change and variability in organizational routines (e.g., Suchman, 1983; Miner, 1990; Pentland and Rueter, 1994; Feldman, 2000; Naduzzo, Rocco, and Warglien, 2000; Edmondson, Bohmer, and Pisano, 2001; Pentland, 2003).”
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  Section 2 describes an empirical case study of office work, and section 4 concludes that workers determine a procedure’s meaning according to the particulars of each case. This supports variability in how routines are carried out. The paper does not provide empirical evidence that organizational routines change over time. (LLM, conf=0.84)
  cites Suchman, 1983 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miner, 1990 source
- Supported
  In the Introduction (page not provided), Feldman reports field observations in which most studied routines underwent substantial change. She also says her observations found variation to be a common part of organizational routines. This paper therefore serves as an empirical example of both change and variability. (LLM, conf=0.93)
  cites Feldman, 2000 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“But routines also change in old, established organizations in stable environments (Feldman, 2000).”
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Introduction reports substantial change in routines observed in a large state university’s student housing department. It does not establish that the organization was old or that its external environment was stable. The Conclusion instead notes that the organizational context encouraged and allowed change. (LLM, conf=0.84)
  cites Feldman, 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Some variations will be intentional, in the sense that the participants want to change the ostensive aspect of the routine in order to alter the way they do their jobs (Feldman, 2000).”
What the sources say
- Partly supported
  The Dynamics of Routines section says participants intentionally alter routines to do their jobs in ways that seem better to them. But the Performative Routines section distinguishes an ostensive definition, which exists in principle, from a performative one created through practice; it does not say participants seek to change the ostensive aspect to alter how they work. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
  cites Feldman, 2000 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“This ontology builds on the idea that routines, like other social phenomena, embody a duality of structure and agency (Giddens, 1984; Bourdieu, 1977, 1990).”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Giddens, 1984
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Bourdieu, 1977, 1990
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In work settings with detailed descriptions of the expected sequence of steps in a procedure, for instance, participants introduce variations (Roy, 1959; Victor, Boynton, and Stephens-Jahng, 2000; Narduzzo, Rocco, and Warglien, 2000).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Roy, 1959 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Victor, Boynton, and Stephens-Jahng, 2000 source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Narduzzo, Rocco, and Warglien, 2000
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes

Show all 110 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 50
Probably not a substantial claim. 87

The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Another problem is that the premise of the traditional story is contradicted by observational data. Organizational routines are certainly repetitive, but they are not necessarily fixed or unchanging.”
What the sources say
- Supported
  The Introduction says the procedural structure of organizational activities is produced through orderly office work, rather than reflecting an enduring structure. Section 2 applies this point to even the most routine clerical work, finding that it cannot readily be specified as a predetermined sequence of steps. Together, these passages support the claim that routine work need not be fixed or unchanging. (LLM, conf=0.88)
  cites Suchman, 1983 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miner, 1990 source
- Supported
  In the Introduction, Feldman says she began with a conception of routines as repeated patterns that change little, but observed that most routines she studied were undergoing substantial change. The Conclusion likewise states that routines are not inert, while noting that the potential for change may not be realized in every case. (LLM, conf=0.94)
  cites Feldman, 2000 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Feldman (2000) found that the distinction between ostensive and performative helped to explain why etic and emic descriptions of routines differed.”
What the sources say
- Supported
  In “Performative Routines” (page not provided), Feldman says the ostensive–performative distinction captures some of the difference in perspective between etic and emic approaches. The same section states that those approaches lead to different ideas about what counts as a routine. (LLM, conf=0.94)
  cites Feldman (2000) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They interpret their actions in order to make sense of what they are doing and, though their choices of how to proceed appear automatic or mindless at times, there is always the possibility of resisting expectations and doing otherwise (Giddens, 1984; Orlikowski, 2000).”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Giddens, 1984
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Orlikowski, 2000 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Rules are resources for action, but they do not fully determine action (Zimmerman, 1970; Giddens, 1984; Taylor, 1993).”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Zimmerman, 1970
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Giddens, 1984
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Taylor, 1993
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The ostensive aspect of routines allows us to explain what we are doing and provides a sense of when it is appropriate to ask for an accounting (Lyman and Scott, 1968; Orbuch, 1997).”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Lyman and Scott, 1968
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Orbuch, 1997 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“And, as open systems theory reminds us, the webs of interdependence do not stop at the formal boundary of the organization (Kast and Rosensweig, 1972).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kast and Rosensweig, 1972 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While the instances of hiring may differ, they bear a sufficient family resemblance to cohere as a recognizable category (Wittgenstein, 1958).”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Wittgenstein, 1958
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“As originally conceived by Stene (1940), organizational routines involve the coordination of multiple organizational participants. Thus, organizational routines are not just individual routines that are performed in the context of an organization.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stene (1940) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Performances enact the ostensive aspect of the routine, although this is largely an unintended effect of action (Giddens, 1984).”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Giddens, 1984
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adopting a structuration or practice theory perspective leads us to view the ostensive and performative aspects of organizational routines as recursively related, with the performances creating and recreating the ostensive aspect and the ostensive aspect constraining and enabling the performances.”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Giddens, 1984
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We must take action in the midst of the “booming, buzzing confusion' that surrounds us (James, 1890), and labeling the activity helps us pay attention to a comprehensible and manageable portion of it.”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites James, 1890
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Our framework is consistent with current perspectives on agency (Emirbayers and Mische, 1998), which emphasize the active engagement of individuals in on-going practices and the interpenetration of agency with various forms of structure.”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Emirbayers and Mische, 1998
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“More generally, rules are not always followed: they can be strategically flaunted in order to convey a particular meaning (Garfinkel, 1967; Heritage, 1984).”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Garfinkel, 1967
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Heritage, 1984
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While interdependence between actions can be viewed as part of structure (Pentland, 1995), it can also generate variety within specific performances.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pentland, 1995 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Other variations will be unintentional (Aldrich, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Aldrich, 1999
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To ensure functional adaptation, variation and selective retention requires an effective, consistent, selection mechanism, which may or may not be present in any given situation (Campbell, 1965, 1994).”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Campbell, 1965, 1994
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The most routinized task units based on one measure were the least routinized basedon the other measure (and vice versa).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pentland (2003) source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The role of agency in producing and selecting variation has been noted by Miner (1994) and Miner and Haunschild (1995), who showed that managers exercise agency as they choose both to introduce variations and to select variations produced by others.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miner (1994) source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Miner and Haunschild (1995)
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Variation and selective retention has been applied to understanding change over time in organizational forms (Hannan and Freeman, 1983; Aldrich, 1999) and also change within organizations (Baum and Singh, 1994; Miner and Haunschild, 1995; Aldrich, 1999).”
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Hannan and Freeman, 1983
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Aldrich, 1999
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Baum and Singh, 1994
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Endogenous change has been observed (e.g., Miner and Estler, 1985; Miner, 1991; Burgelman, 1994; Feldman, 2000), but it has been difficult to explain.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miner and Estler, 1985 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miner, 1991 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Burgelman, 1994 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.

123 of 123

The paper relies on this without support.
In every organization with employees, hiring occurs more than once and is repeated over time.
“In every organization with employees, hiring occurs more than once. It is repeated over time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Everyone cannot know everything.
“Everyone cannot know everything.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Inquiring about a person's spouse's employment in the context of the hiring routine is a violation of anti-discrimination rules.
“In the context of the hiring routine, however, it is a violation of anti-discrimination rules.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Even though prohibited, inquiring about a spouse's employment is frequently asked in the context of a job search.
“Still, even though it is prohibited, this question is frequently asked.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The intent and motivation of people performing a hiring routine is not to create, maintain, or modify the ostensive aspect of the routine but to try to hire someone.
“The intent and motivation of people performing a hiring routine is not to create, maintain, or modify the ostensive aspect of the routine but to try to hire someone.”

5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony
Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/226550 · Cited by 28,308
Outline of a Theory of Practice
Bourdieu, P. (1977) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511812507 · Cited by 27,606
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning
March, J. G. (1991) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2.1.71 · Cited by 21,942
An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change.
Loasby, B. J., Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. (1983) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.2307/2232409 · Cited by 21,426
The Logic of Practice
Bourdieu, P. (1990) · doi:10.1515/9781503621749 · Cited by 17,271
Sensemaking in Organizations
Gioia, D. A., Mehra, A., & Weick, K. E. (1996) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/259169 · Cited by 15,616
Outline of a Theory of Practice.
Frank, A. W., & Bourdieu, P. (1980) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2066038 · Cited by 14,591
The Social Construction of Reality
Rose, D. M., Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1967) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/323448 · Cited by 13,850
Studies in Ethnomethodology.
Wallace, A. F. C., & Garfinkel, H. (1968) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092245 · Cited by 12,413

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 126 references

Research works printed but not linked: 9

Gouldner A. W., 1954, Patterns of Industrial Democracy
Hannan M. T., 1983, American Sociological Review, 29, 149
Latour B., 1986, Power, Action and Belief, 264
March J. G., 1958, Organizations
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Traceability, Temporality, and Risk
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Preface
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Organizing Scripts and Governance Layers
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Traceability and Accounts
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Self-Tracking Selves and Pervasive Performing
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Dedication
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The Accounts We Live By
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Traceability Lost
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Toward a Traceological Theory of Accounting
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List of Figures and Tables
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Authors: Feldman, M. S., & Pentland, B. T.
Affiliations: University of California, Irvine (US)
Michigan State University (US)
ORCID: Feldman, Martha S.
Pentland, Brian T.
Venue: Administrative Science Quarterly
Publisher: JSTOR
Published: 2003-03
Volume: 48
Issue: 1
Pages: 94-118
ISSN: 0001-8392 (ISSN-L)
1930-3815
DOI: 10.2307/3556620
OpenAlex: W2153981305
Semantic Scholar: d5e65a384ca9810b1cf1fac932890421db43527a
Cited by: 4,020
References: 126
Citations by year: 2026: 259 · 2025: 195 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 196 · 2022: 227 · 2021: 258 · 2020: 240 · 2019: 225 · 2018: 230 · 2017: 215 · 2016: 242 · 2015: 234 · 2014: 206 · 2013: 205 · 2012: 193
FWCI: 71.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.escholarship.org
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Administrative Science Quarterly (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Information Systems Theories and Implementation
Keywords: organizational routines, organizational inertia, organizational change, organizational stability, Bruno Latour, practice theory, variation and selection, organizational flexibility

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Reconceptualizing Organizational Routines as a Source of Flexibility and Change

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