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Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans
Open accessAbstract
Experiments in animals suggest that the neuropeptide oxytocin acts as an anorexigenic signal in the central nervous control of food intake. In humans, however, research has almost exclusively focused on the involvement of oxytocin in the regulation of social behavior. We investigated the effect of intranasal oxytocin on ingestion and metabolic function in healthy men. Food intake in the fasted state was examined 45 min after neuropeptide administration, followed by the assessment of olfaction and reward-driven snack intake in the absence of hunger. Energy expenditure was registered by indirect calorimetry, and blood was repeatedly sampled to determine concentrations of blood glucose and hormones. Oxytocin markedly reduced snack consumption, restraining, in particular, the intake of chocolate cookies by 25%. Oxytocin, moreover, attenuated basal and postprandial levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol and curbed the meal-related rise in plasma glucose. Energy expenditure and hunger-driven food intake as well as olfactory function were not affected. Our results indicate that oxytocin, beyond its role in social bonding, regulates nonhomeostatic, reward-related energy intake, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, and the glucoregulatory response to food intake in humans. These effects can be assumed to converge with the psychosocial function of oxytocin and imply possible applications in the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) in healthy men reduced reward-driven snack intake, especially chocolate cookies, without affecting hunger-driven buffet intake or energy expenditure. It also suppressed HPA-axis activity and blunted the postprandial glucose peak.
Key findings
- Oxytocin did not affect fasted breakfast-buffet intake or macronutrient proportions (all P > 0.6), but reduced total snack intake in the postprandial period (F1,19 = 5.5, P < 0.03), driven by a 25% decrease in chocolate cookie consumption (P < 0.01).
- Oxytocin reduced serum ACTH (F1,18 = 4.67, P < 0.05), plasma cortisol (F1,18 = 5.15, P < 0.04), and preprandial norepinephrine (F1,19 = 5.41, P = 0.03); cortisol reduction correlated with reduced chocolate cookie intake (r = 0.56, P = 0.012).
- The peak plasma glucose response to breakfast was reduced by 0.57 mmol/L after oxytocin vs placebo (P < 0.02), while insulin, C-peptide, total/active GLP-1, ghrelin, leptin, growth hormone, energy expenditure, olfaction, and experimenter trustworthiness were not significantly affected.
Methods
- Double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over within-subject study in 20 healthy, nonsmoking men (aged 26.3 ± 0.89 years; BMI 22.66 ± 0.36 kg/m²), with sessions at least 10 days apart.
- Participants received intranasal oxytocin (24 IU; six 0.1-mL puffs) or vehicle, then ate ad libitum from a breakfast buffet 45 min later; snack intake was covertly measured 100 min after the buffet under a taste-rating pretext.
- Analyses used ANOVA with within-subject factors treatment, time, nutrient, and snack type, Greenhouse-Geisser correction, pairwise t tests, baseline adjustment, and ANCOVA for snack intake and glucose peak adjusted for breakfast calorie/carbohydrate intake; P < 0.05 was significant.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section. Evident from the text: the sample was small (n = 20), male, healthy, and normal-weight, so findings may not generalize to women, obese individuals, or clinical populations.
- Evident from the text: only acute effects of a single 24 IU intranasal dose were tested; long-term effects, weight outcomes, and mechanisms (e.g., VTA/nucleus accumbens dopamine signaling) remain speculative and require corroboration.
- Evident from the text: snack intake was assessed under a taste-test pretext, although the authors report checks for demand characteristics and experimenter trustworthiness.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“hunger ratings (P > 0.2, two-sided t test for baseline values; Fig. 2A) were not altered by oxytocin (P > 0.9)”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin inhibits reward- but not hunger-driven eating.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin administration did not affect food intake from the breakfast buffet in the fasted state.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin inhibits reward- but not hunger-driven eating.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Energy expenditure assessed by indirect calorimetry was comparable between the placebo and the oxytocin condition during the entire experimental period (F1,19 = 2.12, P > 0.16 for treatment × time; F1,19 = 0.10, P > 0.75 for treatment)”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Energy expenditure is not acutely affected by oxytocin administration.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The anorexigenic effect of oxytocin emerged during the postprandial period, when reward-driven eating motivation prevails, whereas energy intake in the fasted state was not affected.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that was driven by a decrease in chocolate cookie consumption by 25% (P < 0.01, two-sided t test; Fig. 2C and Table 4).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin inhibits reward- but not hunger-driven eating.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We demonstrate that oxytocin inhibits food intake and impacts endocrine regulation in humans.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas energy expenditure remained completely unaltered, oxytocin globally attenuated HPA axis activity and blunted the peak glucose response to food intake, suggesting an insulin-sensitizing action of the peptide.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The anorexigenic effect of oxytocin emerged during the postprandial period, when reward-driven eating motivation prevails, whereas energy intake in the fasted state was not affected.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin exerted a sustained suppressive effect on HPA axis activity, reducing serum ACTH and plasma cortisol concentrations during the entire postadministration period (F1,18 = 4.67, P < 0.05 and F1,18 = 5.15, P < 0.04, respectively, for treatment; Fig. 2D and E).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin reduces HPA axis activity as well as norepinephrine concentrations and blunts the glucose response to food intake.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas energy expenditure remained completely unaltered, oxytocin globally attenuated HPA axis activity and blunted the peak glucose response to food intake, suggesting an insulin-sensitizing action of the peptide.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall food consumption and the proportion of ingested macronutrients were nearly identical between conditions (all P > 0.6; Table 3).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin inhibits reward- but not hunger-driven eating.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Total plasma concentrations of ghrelin were suppressed by breakfast intake (F2,29 = 31.62, P < 0.0001 for time), without significant treatment effects (P > 0.95; Fig. 3E).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin reduces HPA axis activity as well as norepinephrine concentrations and blunts the glucose response to food intake.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Circulating concentrations of growth hormone and active GLP-1 (i.e., the intact form of GLP-1) were likewise comparable between conditions (all P > 0.14).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin reduces HPA axis activity as well as norepinephrine concentrations and blunts the glucose response to food intake.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Leptin concentrations did not differ between conditions across the whole experimental period (P > 0.38)”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin reduces HPA axis activity as well as norepinephrine concentrations and blunts the glucose response to food intake.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, 15 min after breakfast, serum leptin levels were increased by ∼28% compared with preprandial levels (F4,80 = 28.98, P < 0.0001 for time; Fig. 3F).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin reduces HPA axis activity as well as norepinephrine concentrations and blunts the glucose response to food intake.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the olfactory task, no treatment effects on perceptual thresholds (P > 0.4), olfactory discrimination (P > 0.6), and olfactory identification (P > 0.2) emerged”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin inhibits reward- but not hunger-driven eating.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirst ratings and self-rated mood were likewise unaffected by oxytocin (P > 0.12 for all comparisons).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin inhibits reward- but not hunger-driven eating.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although levels of insulin, C-peptide, and total GLP-1 were not affected by oxytocin administration (all P > 0.16)”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin reduces HPA axis activity as well as norepinephrine concentrations and blunts the glucose response to food intake.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“oxytocin administration did not affect the trustworthiness of the experimenter as perceived by the participants (P > 0.6).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin inhibits reward- but not hunger-driven eating.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and even slightly increased rated palatability of rice waffles (P < 0.05; Table 4).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin inhibits reward- but not hunger-driven eating.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although there was a trend toward reduced preprandial leptin concentrations after oxytocin administration (F1,19 = 3.39, P = 0.08 for treatment).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin reduces HPA axis activity as well as norepinephrine concentrations and blunts the glucose response to food intake.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also, sweetness and saltiness ratings were highest for chocolate cookies and salt crackers, respectively (F2,31 = 342.28, P < 0.0001; and F2,36 = 112.18, P < 0.0001, for snack type).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESULTS > Oxytocin inhibits reward- but not hunger-driven eating.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering that the anorexigenic impact of oxytocin selectively concerned the consumption of palatable snacks, it might rather be speculated that oxytocin acted on receptors expressed in the brain reward circuit, such as in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (33,34), that contribute to the regulation of palatable food intake (19).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, subjective ratings of chocolate and salty snacks differed in sweetness and saltiness but not palatability, suggesting that oxytocin specifically dampens the motivation to consume sweet-tasting food.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Also in our experiments, oxytocin did not affect the circulating concentrations of ghrelin and GLP-1 and induced merely nonsignificant changes in leptin, hormones known to affect energy expenditure and energy homeostasis (51).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“evidence from rodent studies indicates that the neuropeptide acts as a strong inhibitor of food intake and affects energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis (6–9).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Arletti, 1989, Influence of oxytocin on feeding behavior in the rat, Peptides source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Morton, 2012, Peripheral oxytocin suppresses food intake and causes weight loss in diet-induced obese rats, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Olson, 1991, Oxytocin and an oxytocin agonist administered centrally decrease food intake in rats, Peptides source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Wu, 2012, An obligate role of oxytocin neurons in diet induced energy expenditure, PLoS ONE source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“intranasal oxytocin administration has been shown to reliably modulate neuropsychological functions in a series of studies (2–5) in the absence of relevant side effects (16).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Burri, 2008, The acute effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on endocrine and sexual function in males, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Domes, 2007, Oxytocin attenuates amygdala responses to emotional faces regardless of valence, Biol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Gamer, 2010, Different amygdala subregions mediate valence-related and attentional effects of oxytocin in humans, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Kosfeld, 2005, Oxytocin increases trust in humans, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [16] MacDonald, 2011, A review of safety, side-effects and subjective reactions to intranasal oxytocin in human research, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Olfactory function was tested 60 min after the test buffet with the validated Sniffin’ Sticks commercial test kit (Burghart Elektro- und Feinmechanik GmbH, Wedel, Germany) that allows for the separate characterization of the three dimensions of olfactory threshold, discrimination, and identification (26).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS > Assessments of food intake, hunger, thirst, mood, and olfaction.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Hummel, 2007, Normative data for the “Sniffin’ Sticks” including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The order of conditions was balanced across subjects, and the two sessions were spaced at least 10 days apart.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS > Design and procedure.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Snack intake was covertly measured by weighing the snacks before and after the test.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS > Assessments of food intake, hunger, thirst, mood, and olfaction.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects were kept unaware of the hypothesized treatment effects on food intake and were informed that the experiments concerned the effect of oxytocin on taste preferences and energy expenditure.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS > Subjects.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The direct manipulation of neuropeptidergic central nervous signaling pathways can be achieved via the intranasal administration of peptides, which is known to bypass the blood–brain barrier and result in significant cerebrospinal fluid elevations in substance levels within 40 min, without the need for systemic infusion (14,15).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > Abstract
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Importantly, oxytocin reduces food intake not only in normal-weight rodents but also in animals with diet-induced obesity (8,12,13)”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Olson, 1991, Oxytocin and an oxytocin agonist administered centrally decrease food intake in rats, Peptides source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Maejima, 2011, Peripheral oxytocin treatment ameliorates obesity by reducing food intake and visceral fat mass, Aging (Albany, NY Online)
- Not checked yetcites [13] Zhang, 2011, Circadian intervention of obesity development via resting-stage feeding manipulation or oxytocin treatment, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experiments were carried out in a double-blind, cross-over, within-subject comparison.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS > Design and procedure.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Oxytocin has been shown in a number of experiments in rodents to inhibit feeding after intracerebroventricular injection (6,8).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Vice versa, α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone, a crucial player among the catabolic messengers, triggers oxytocin release from supraoptic neurons (31).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Sabatier, 2003, Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone stimulates oxytocin release from the dendrites of hypothalamic neurons while inhibiting oxytocin release from their terminals in the neurohypophysis, J Neurosci source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This effect could be mimicked by the peripheral administration of high oxytocin doses that supposedly trigger hypothalamic oxytocin release in a feed-forward fashion (7,12).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Morton, 2012, Peripheral oxytocin suppresses food intake and causes weight loss in diet-induced obese rats, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Maejima, 2011, Peripheral oxytocin treatment ameliorates obesity by reducing food intake and visceral fat mass, Aging (Albany, NY Online)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although this conclusion is in need of corroboration in experiments focusing on glucose homeostasis, it is in line with findings that oxytocin enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in a rodent model of diet-induced obesity independent of its effects on body weight (7,50).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Morton, 2012, Peripheral oxytocin suppresses food intake and causes weight loss in diet-induced obese rats, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [50] Deblon, 2011, Mechanisms of the anti-obesity effects of oxytocin in diet-induced obese rats, PLoS ONE source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although intranasal oxytocin administration has been previously found to increase plasma concentrations of the peptide (2), this pattern moreover argues against a peripheral mediation of the observed changes in ingestive behavior.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Burri, 2008, The acute effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on endocrine and sexual function in males, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From a clinical perspective, the conclusion that oxytocin acts on reward-processing brain circuits to suppress snack intake is in line with observations in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome, who suffer from hyperphagic obesity due to insatiable food craving and have been reported to display a 40% reduction in the number and size of oxytocin neurons (40).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Against this background, our finding suggests that rather than exerting acute effects, oxytocin contributes to the regulation of energy expenditure on a long-term basis.”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The intake of sugar compared with an equicaloric fat solution induces a selective, twofold increase in hypothalamic oxytocinergic neuronal activity, whereas central nervous oxytocin receptor antagonism triggers the intake of sucrose but not fat (47).”
§ Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Olszewski, 2010, Molecular, immunohistochemical, and pharmacological evidence of oxytocin’s role as inhibitor of carbohydrate but not fat intake, Endocrinology source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The effect of intranasal oxytocin on energy metabolism, including ingestive behavior, has not been investigated in humans.
“Surprisingly, however, the effect of intranasal oxytocin on energy metabolism, including ingestive behavior, has not been investigated in humans so far.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the postprandial period, reward-driven eating motivation prevails.
“The anorexigenic effect of oxytocin emerged during the postprandial period, when reward-driven eating motivation prevails, whereas energy intake in the fasted state was not affected.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Opioidergic/cannabinoid signaling processes the palatability of ingested nutrients.
“Oxytocin did not affect the rated palatability of chocolate cookies, which might be taken as an indication that it acted on dopaminergic pathways responding to the incentive salience of food rather than opioidergic/cannabinoid signaling assumed to process the palatability of ingested nutrients (39).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Excessive reward-driven food intake, chronic HPA axis activation, and insulin resistance are key factors in the pathogenesis and maintenance of obesity.
“Excessive reward-driven food intake, chronic HPA axis activation, and insulin resistance are key factors in the pathogenesis and maintenance of obesity.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Notably, research indicates that intranasal oxytocin administration improves appetite regulation in humans47,48.”
From Oxytocin pathway gene networks in the human brain (2019) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“An investigation by Ott et al. in 20 healthy men did not find an acute effect of intranasal oxytocin on caloric intake at a breakfast buffet.”
From Oxytocin reduces caloric intake in men (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Although Ott’s study did not show an effect of oxytocin on breakfast intake, it did demonstrate reduced postprandial consumption of a snack, particularly chocolate cookies, suggesting an effect on reward-driven feeding(14).”
From Oxytocin reduces caloric intake in men (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Ott et al. showed that intranasal oxytocin reduced postprandial glucose but not insulin levels in healthy men(14).”
From Oxytocin reduces caloric intake in men (2015) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Breakfast time differs between figure captions and methods
MinorThe figure captions place breakfast at 1000-1030 h, whereas the methods place it at 1030-1100 h. The stated 45-minute delay after administration at 0942 h also supports the later start.
“Forty-five minutes post-treatment, subjects ate from a test breakfast (1000–1030 h)”
“Forty-five minutes after administration, subjects were presented with a breakfast buffet from 1030–1100 h.”
ACTH and cortisol sample types are reversed
MinorThe results describe serum ACTH and plasma cortisol, but the Figure 2 caption identifies plasma ACTH and serum cortisol.
“reducing serum ACTH and plasma cortisol concentrations during the entire postadministration period”
“plasma ACTH (D), serum cortisol (E), and norepinephrine (F)”
Norepinephrine result cites the leptin panel
MinorThe norepinephrine result cites Fig. 3F, but the Figure 3 caption identifies panel F as leptin. The Figure 2 caption identifies its panel F as norepinephrine.
“preprandial circulating concentrations of norepinephrine were reduced by oxytocin treatment (F1,19 = 5.41, P = 0.03 for treatment × time; Fig. 3F).”
“serum leptin (F) assessed before”
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Kerem, L., Hadjikhani, N. K., Holsen, L. M., Lawson, E. A., & Plessow, F. (2019) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-019-0489-7 · Cited by 35
NTS and VTA oxytocin reduces food motivation and food seeking
Wald, H. S., Chandra, A., Kalluri, A. L., Ong, Z. Y., Hayes, M. R., & Grill, H. J. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00201.2020 · Cited by 34
High serum oxytocin is associated with metabolic syndrome in older men – The MINOS study
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Transactivation of TrkB Receptors by Oxytocin and Its G Protein-Coupled Receptor
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ott, V., Finlayson, G., Lehnert, H., Heitmann, B., Heinrichs, M., Born, J., & Hallschmid, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hallschmid, Manfred
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2013-09-17
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3418-3425
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- PMC
- PMC3781467
- OpenAlex
- W2138122742
- Semantic Scholar
- fc2067091934d4f3e214da26271f2291a30e1f3e
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 9.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (114788)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- oxytocin, dietary intake, snacking, chocolate cookies, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol, ACTH, energy expenditure, blood glucose, olfaction, hunger, anorexigenic peptides, metabolic disorders
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adult, Appetite Depressants, Blood Glucose, Calorimetry, Indirect, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Fasting, Humans, Hunger, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Insulin, Male, Obesity, Oxytocics, Oxytocin, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Reward, Body Mass Index, Postprandial Period, Ghrelin, Snacks
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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