Insulin in the nervous system and the mind: Functions in metabolism, memory, and mood
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Insulin, a pleotrophic hormone, has diverse effects in the body. Recent work has highlighted the important role of insulin's action in the nervous system on glucose and energy homeostasis, memory, and mood. SCOPE OF REVIEW: Here we review experimental and clinical work that has broadened the understanding of insulin's diverse functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems, including glucose and body weight homeostasis, memory and mood, with particular emphasis on intranasal insulin. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Implications for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes, dementia, and mood disorders are discussed in the context of brain insulin action. Intranasal insulin may have potential in the treatment of central nervous system-related metabolic disorders.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
By signaling through the brain, insulin regulates feeding behavior and modifies energy metabolism in liver and adipose tissues, as well as several more cognitive functions.
“By signaling through the brain, insulin regulates feeding behavior and modifies energy metabolism in liver and adipose tissues, as well as several more cognitive functions 27, 28, 29, 30, 31.”
From Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Pratchayasakul, W., Kerdphoo, S., Petsophonsakul, P., Pongchaidecha, A., Chattipakorn, N., & Chattipakorn, S. C. (2011) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2011.02.003 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
RetractedQuerfurth, H. W., & LaFerla, F. M. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0909142 · Cited by 4,569 · see citing works
DeFronzo, R. A. (2009) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db09-9028 · Cited by 3,016 · see citing works
Mechanisms for Insulin Resistance: Common Threads and Missing Links
Samuel, V. T., & Shulman, G. I. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017 · Cited by 2,294 · see citing works
Role of Brain Insulin Receptor in Control of Body Weight and Reproduction
Brüning, J. C., Gautam, D., Burks, D. J., Gillette, J., Schubert, M., Orban, P. C., Klein, R., Krone, W., Müller-Wieland, D., & Kahn, C. R. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.289.5487.2122 · Cited by 2,235 · see citing works
Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
Biessels, G. J., Staekenborg, S., Brunner, E., Brayne, C., & Scheltens, P. (2006) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(05)70284-2 · Cited by 2,187 · see citing works
Talbot, K., Wang, H.-Y., Kazi, H., Han, L.-Y., Bakshi, K. P., Stucky, A., Fuino, R. L., Kawaguchi, K. R., Samoyedny, A. J., Wilson, R. S., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci59903 · Cited by 1,871 · see citing works
Sniffing neuropeptides: A transnasal approach to the human brain
Born, J., Lange, T., Kern, W., McGregor, G. P., Bickel, U., & Fehm, H. L. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn0602-849 · Cited by 1,356 · see citing works
Diabetes mellitus and risk of Alzheimer disease and decline in cognitive function
Arvanitakis, Z., Wilson, R. S., Bienias, J. L., Evans, D. A., & Bennett, D. A. (2004) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.61.5.661 · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
Craft, S. (2012) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.233 · Cited by 1,253 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s disease is type 3 diabetes—Evidence reviewed
de la Monte, S. M., & Wands, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680800200619 · Cited by 1,158 · see citing works
Divergence of Melanocortin Pathways in the Control of Food Intake and Energy Expenditure
Balthasar, N., Dalgaard, L. T., Lee, C. E., Yu, J. H., Funahashi, H., Williams, T. B., Ferreira, M. A. R., Tang, V., McGovern, R. A., Kenny, C. D., et al. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.035 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Insulin receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system of the rat
Havránková, J., Roth, J., & Brownstein, M. (1978) · Nature · doi:10.1038/272827a0 · Cited by 1,116 · see citing works
Chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of insulin reduces food intake and body weight of baboons
Woods, S. C., Lotter, E. C., McKay, L. D., & Porte, D. (1979) · Nature · doi:10.1038/282503a0 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Obesity in the mouse model of pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency responds to peripheral melanocortin
Yaswen, L. R., Diehl, N. L., Brennan, M. B., & Hochgeschwender, U. (1999) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/12506 · Cited by 1,010 · see citing works
Transport of drugs from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system
Illum, L. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00087-7 · Cited by 907 · see citing works
Hypothalamic insulin signaling is required for inhibition of glucose production
Obici, S., Zhang, B. B., Karkanias, G., & Rossetti, L. (2002) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1202-798 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Diabetes, Obesity, and the Brain
Schwartz, M. W., & Porte, D. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104344 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Intranasal insulin improves cognition and modulates β-amyloid in early AD
Reger, M. A., Watson, G. S., Green, P. S., Wilkinson, C. W., Baker, L. D., Cholerton, B., Fishel, M. A., Plymate, S. R., Breitner, J. C. S., DeGroodt, W., et al. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000265401.62434.36 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Bomfim, T. R., Forny‐Germano, L., Sathler, L. B., Brito‐Moreira, J., Houzel, J., Decker, H., Silverman, M. A., Kazi, H., Melo, H. M., McClean, P. L., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci57256 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Insulin in the Brain: A Hormonal Regulator of Energy Balance*
Schwartz, M. W., Figlewicz, D. P., Baskin, D. G., Woods, S. C., & Porte, D. (1992) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-13-3-387 · Cited by 808 · see citing works
Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later
Whitmer, R. A., Gustafson, D. R., Barrett-Connor, E., Haan, M. N., Gunderson, E. P., & Yaffe, K. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000306313.89165.ef · Cited by 803 · see citing works
Agouti-related peptide–expressing neurons are mandatory for feeding
Gropp, E., Shanabrough, M., Borók, E., Xu, A. W., Janoschek, R., Buch, T., Plum, L., Balthasar, N., Hampel, B., Waisman, A., et al. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1548 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Dhillon, H., Zigman, J. M., Ye, C., Lee, C. E., McGovern, R. A., Tang, V., Kenny, C. D., Christiansen, L. M., White, R. D., Edelstein, E. A., et al. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.12.021 · Cited by 791 · see citing works
O-GlcNAcylation regulates phosphorylation of tau: A mechanism involved in Alzheimer's disease
Liu, F., Iqbal, K., Grundke-Iqbal, I., Hart, G. W., & Gong, C.-X. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0400348101 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Stranahan, A., Norman, E., Lee, K., Cutler, R., Telljohann, R., Egan, J., & Mattson, M. P. (2008) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20470 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: A meta‐analysis of prospective observational studies
Gudala, K., Bansal, D., Schifano, F., & Bhansali, A. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12087 · Cited by 727 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A meta-analysis and a large-scaled pooled analysis demonstrate that diabetes is associated with an approximately 60e70% increased risk of all types of dementia [95,96].”
MethodDecreasing hypothalamic insulin receptors causes hyperphagia and insulin resistance in rats
Obici, S., Feng, Z., Karkanias, G., Baskin, D. G., & Rossetti, L. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn0602-861 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Chatterjee, S., Peters, S. A. E., Woodward, M., Mejia Arango, S., Batty, G. D., Beckett, N., Beiser, A., Borenstein, A. R., Crane, P. K., Haan, M., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-1588 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Intranasal insulin improves memory in humans
Benedict, C., Hallschmid, M., Hatke, A., Schultes, B., Fehm, H. L., Born, J., & Kern, W. (2004) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.04.003 · Cited by 699 · see citing works
Insulin Action in AgRP-Expressing Neurons Is Required for Suppression of Hepatic Glucose Production
Könner, A. C., Janoschek, R., Plum, L., Jordan, S. D., Rother, E., Ma, X., Xu, C., Enriori, P., Hampel, B., Barsh, G. S., et al. (2007) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.05.004 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Chen, Z., & Zhong, C. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.004 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Relationship of depression to diabetes types 1 and 2: epidemiology, biology, and treatment
Musselman, D. L., Betan, E. J., Larsen, H., & Phillips, L. S. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00569-9 · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Ho, L., Qin, W., Pompl, P., Xiang, Z.-M., Wang, J., Zhao, Z., Peng, Y., Cambareri, G., Rocher, A., Mobbs, C., et al. (2004) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.03-0978fje · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Baker, L. D., Cross, D. J., Minoshima, S., Belongia, D., Watson, G. S., & Craft, S. (2011) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.225 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Reger, M. A., Watson, G. S., Frey, W. H., Baker, L. D., Cholerton, B., Keeling, M. L., Belongia, D., Fishel, M. A., Plymate, S. R., Schellenberg, G. D., et al. (2005) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.016 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Increasing O-GlcNAc slows neurodegeneration and stabilizes tau against aggregation
Yuzwa, S. A., Shan, X., Macauley, M. S., Clark, T., Skorobogatko, Y., Vosseller, K., & Vocadlo, D. J. (2012) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.797 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
The role of insulin receptor signaling in the brain
Plum, L., Schubert, M., & Brüning, J. C. (2005) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2005.01.008 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Amyloid beta oligomers induce impairment of neuronal insulin receptors
Zhao, W., De Felice, F. G., Fernandez, S., Chen, H., Lambert, M. P., Quon, M. J., Krafft, G. A., & Klein, W. L. (2008) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.06-7703com · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Insulin in the brain: There and back again
Banks, W. A., Owen, J. B., & Erickson, M. A. (2012) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.006 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Decreasing hypothalamic insulin receptors causes hyperphagia and insulin resistance in rats
Obici, S., Feng, Z., Karkanias, G. B., et al. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn861 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Hippocampal insulin resistance and cognitive dysfunction
Biessels, G. J., & Reagan, L. P. (2015) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn4019 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Reger, M. A., Watson, G. S., Green, P. S., Baker, L. D., Cholerton, B., Fishel, M. A., Plymate, S. R., Cherrier, M. M., Schellenberg, G. D., Frey, W. H., et al. (2008) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2008-13309 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Deficient brain insulin signalling pathway in Alzheimer's disease and diabetes
Liu, Y. M., Liu, F., Grundke, I., Iqbal, K., & Gong, C. (2011) · The Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1002/path.2912 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Blázquez, E., Velázquez, E., Hurtado-Carneiro, V., & Ruiz-Albusac, J. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2014.00161 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Kim, Y.-B., Nikoulina, S. E., Ciaraldi, T. P., Henry, R. R., & Kahn, B. B. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci6928 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Self-citationInsulin resistance in brain alters dopamine turnover and causes behavioral disorders
Kleinridders, A., Cai, W., Cappellucci, L., Ghazarian, A., Collins, W. R., Vienberg, S. G., Pothos, E. N., & Kahn, C. R. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1500877112 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Insulin Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus
Niswender, K. D., Morrison, C. D., Clegg, D. J., Olson, R., Baskin, D. G., Myers, M. G., Seeley, R. J., & Schwartz, M. W. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.2.227 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Claxton, A., Baker, L. D., Hanson, A., Trittschuh, E. H., Cholerton, B., Morgan, A., Callaghan, M., Arbuckle, M., Behl, C., & Craft, S. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-141791 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Forkhead protein FoxO1 mediates Agrp-dependent effects of leptin on food intake
Kitamura, T., Feng, Y., Kitamura, Y., Chua, S. C., Xu, A. W., Barsh, G. S., Rossetti, L., & Accili, D. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1392 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Brain Insulin Resistance and Deficiency as Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimers Disease
de la Monte, S. M. (2012) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720512799015037 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Varela, L., & Horvath, T. L. (2012) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2012.174 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
The Catabolic Action of Insulin in the Brain Is Mediated by Melanocortins
Benoit, S. C., Air, E. L., Coolen, L. M., Strauss, R., Jackman, A., Clegg, D. J., Seeley, R. J., & Woods, S. C. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-20-09048.2002 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies
Lang, U., & Borgwardt, S. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350094 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
GSK-3 is essential in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Takashima, A. (2006) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2006-9s335 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Hill, J. W., Elias, C. F., Fukuda, M., Williams, K. W., Berglund, E. D., Holland, W. L., Cho, Y.-R., Chuang, J.-C., Xu, Y., Choi, M., et al. (2010) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2010.03.002 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Sipols, A. J., Baskin, D. G., & Schwartz, M. W. (1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.44.2.147 · Cited by 389 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Insulin decreases expression of orexigenic AgRP and NPY, leading to decreased food intake [44].”
BackgroundQuantitative analysis of the olfactory pathway for drug delivery to the brain
Thorne, R. G., Emory, C. R., Ala, T. A., & Frey, W. H. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00637-6 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Williams, K. W., Margatho, L. O., Lee, C. E., Choi, M., Lee, S., Scott, M. M., Elias, C. F., & Elmquist, J. K. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3118-09.2010 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Self-citationDomenici, E., Willé, D. R., Tozzi, F., Prokopenko, I., Miller, S. L., McKeown, A., Brittain, C. F., Rujescu, D., Giegling, I., Turck, C. W., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009166 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Differential Permeability of the Blood–Brain Barrier to Two Pancreatic Peptides: Insulin and Amylin
Banks, W. A., & Kastin, A. J. (1998) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0196-9781(98)00018-7 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Role for neuronal insulin resistance in neurodegenerative diseases
Schubert, M., Gautam, D., Surjo, D., Ueki, K., Baudler, S., Schubert, D., Kondo, T., Alber, J., Galldiks, N., Kustermann, E., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0308724101 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Role of hypothalamic Foxo1 in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis
Kim, M.-S., Pak, Y. K., Jang, P., NamKoong, C., Choi, Y.-S., Won, J. C., Kim, K., Kim, S., Kim, H.-S., Park, J., et al. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1731 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity induced by a high-fat diet is associated with reduced brain insulin transport in dogs.
Kaiyala, K. J., Prigeon, R. L., Kahn, S. E., Woods, S. C., & Schwartz, M. W. (2000) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.49.9.1525 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Soluble Aβ Inhibits Specific Signal Transduction Cascades Common to the Insulin Receptor Pathway
Townsend, M., Mehta, T., & Selkoe, D. J. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m610390200 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Intranasal Treatment of Central Nervous System Dysfunction in Humans
Chapman, C. D., Frey, W. H., Craft, S., Danielyan, L., Hallschmid, M., Schiöth, H. B., & Benedict, C. (2013) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1007/s11095-012-0915-1 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Intranasal Insulin Improves Memory in Humans: Superiority of Insulin Aspart
Benedict, C., Hallschmid, M., Schmitz, K., Schultes, B., Ratter, F., Fehm, H. L., Born, J., & Kern, W. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301193 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Benedict, C., Kern, W., Schultes, B., Born, J., & Hallschmid, M. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2606 · Cited by 296 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In normal weight adults, intranasal insulin (160 IU) acutely decreased food intake in men, however body weight was not altered under these conditions in pre or post menopausal women [72,73].”
BackgroundInsulin in the Brain: Sources, Localization and Functions
Ghasemi, R., Haeri, A., Dargahi, L., Mohamed, Z., & Ahmadiani, A. (2012) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-012-8339-9 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Intranasal Insulin Reduces Body Fat in Men but not in Women
Hallschmid, M., Benedict, C., Schultes, B., Fehm, H.-L., Born, J., & Kern, W. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.11.3024 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanism of Insulin Resistance in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Choi, K., & Kim, Y. (2010) · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.3904/kjim.2010.25.2.119 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain Insulin Controls Adipose Tissue Lipolysis and Lipogenesis
Scherer, T., O’Hare, J., Diggs‐Andrews, K. A., Schweiger, M., Cheng, B., Lindtner, C., Zieliński, E., Vempati, P., Su, K., Dighe, S. V., et al. (2011) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.01.008 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Hormone and glucose signalling in POMC and AgRP neurons
Belgardt, B., Okamura, T., & Brüning, J. C. (2009) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179192 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Marks, D. R., Tucker, K., Cavallin, M. A., Mast, T. G., & Fadool, D. A. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1350-09.2009 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
High-fat feeding promotes obesity via insulin receptor/PI3K-dependent inhibition of SF-1 VMH neurons
Klöckener, T., Heß, S., Belgardt, B., Paeger, L., Verhagen, L. A. W., Husch, A., Sohn, J., Hampel, B., Dhillon, H., Zigman, J. M., et al. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2847 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Deng, Y., Li, B., Liu, Y. M., Iqbal, K., Grundke, I., & Gong, C. (2009) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.090157 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Su, L., Cai, Y., Xu, Y., Dutt, A., Shi, S., & Bramon, E. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0321-9 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Tschritter, O., Preissl, H., Hennige, A. M., Stumvoll, M., Porubska, K., Frost, R., Marx, H., Klösel, B., Lutzenberger, W., Birbaumer, N., et al. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0604404103 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance, Brain Atrophy, and Cognitive Performance in Late Middle–Aged Adults
Willette, A. A., Xu, G., Johnson, S. C., Birdsill, A. C., Jonaitis, E. M., Sager, M. A., Hermann, B. P., Rue, A. L., Asthana, S., & Bendlin, B. B. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0922 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Banks, W. A., Jaspan, J. B., & Kastin, A. J. (1997) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/s0196-9781(97)00198-8 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Freude, S., Hettich, M. M., Schumann, C., Stöhr, O., Koch, L., Köhler, C., Udelhoven, M., Leeser, U., Müller, M., Kubota, N., et al. (2009) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.09-132043 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Pipatpiboon, N., Pratchayasakul, W., Chattipakorn, N., & Chattipakorn, S. C. (2011) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2011-1502 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Enhancement of Vasoreactivity and Cognition by Intranasal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes
Novak, V., Milberg, W., Hao, Y., Munshi, M. N., Novák, P., Galica, A. M., Manor, B., Roberson, P. K., Craft, S., & Abduljalil, A. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1672 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Moses, A. C., Gordon, G. S., Carey, M. C., & Flier, J. S. (1983) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.32.11.1040 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
A biochemical and functional characterization of diet‐induced brain insulin resistance
Mielke, J. G., Taghibiglou, C., Liu, L., Zhang, Y., Jia, Z., Adeli, K., & Wang, Y. T. (2005) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03155.x · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Insulin in the brain: a hormonal regulator of energy balance
Schwartz, M. W. (1992) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.13.3.387 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Role for insulin signaling in catecholaminergic neurons in control of energy homeostasis
Könner, A. C., Hess, S., Tovar, S., Mesaros, A., Sánchez-Lasheras, C., Evers, N., Verhagen, L. A. W., Brönneke, H. S., Kleinridders, A., Hampel, B., et al. (2011) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.03.021 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Central nervous system effects of intranasally administered insulin during euglycemia in men.
Kern, W., Jan Born, A., Schreiber, H., & Fehm, H. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.3.557 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Intranasal Aerosolized Insulin
Salzman, R. T., Manson, J. E., Griffing, G. T., Kimmerle, R., Ruderman, N. B., McCall, A. L., Stoltz, E. I., Mullin, C., SMALL, D. M., Armstrong, J. M., et al. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198504253121702 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Consumption of a high-fat diet induces central insulin resistance independent of adiposity
Clegg, D. J., Gotoh, K., Kemp, C., Wortman, M. D., Benoit, S. C., Brown, L. M., D’Alessio, D. A., Tso, P., Seeley, R. J., & Woods, S. C. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.01.010 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Pipatpiboon, N., Pintana, H., Pratchayasakul, W., Chattipakorn, N., & Chattipakorn, S. C. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12088 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Hallschmid, M., Higgs, S., Thienel, M., Ott, V., & Lehnert, H. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-1390 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Zhang, H., Hao, Y., Manor, B., Novak, P., Milberg, W., Zhang, J., Fang, J., & Novak, V. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-1000 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Kullmann, S., Heni, M., Veit, R., Scheffler, K., Machann, J., Häring, H.-U., Fritsche, A., & Preissl, H. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-2319 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Heni, M., Wagner, R., Kullmann, S., Veit, R., Mat Husin, H., Linder, K., Benkendorff, C., Peter, A., Stefan, N., Häring, H.-U., et al. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0477 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Obese men respond to cognitive but not to catabolic brain insulin signaling
Hallschmid, M., Benedict, C., Schultes, B., Born, J., & Kern, W. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803722 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Intranasal Insulin Suppresses Food Intake via Enhancement of Brain Energy Levels in Humans
Jauch‐Chara, K., Friedrich, A., Rezmer, M., Melchert, U. H., Scholand-Engler, H. G., Hallschmid, M., & Oltmanns, K. M. (2012) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-0025 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Evidence for altered transport of insulin across the blood–brain barrier in insulin-resistant humans
Heni, M., Schöpfer, P., Peter, A., Sartorius, T., Fritsche, A., Synofzik, M., Häring, H.-U., Maetzler, W., & Hennige, A. M. (2014) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-013-0546-y · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Insulin Modulates Food-Related Activity in the Central Nervous System
Guthoff, M., Grichisch, Y., Canova, C., Tschritter, O., Veit, R., Hallschmid, M., Häring, H., Preissl, H. T., Hennige, A. M., & Fritsche, A. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1677 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Lin, H. V., Plum, L., Ono, H., Juárez, R. G., Shanabrough, M., Borók, E., Horváth, T. L., Rossetti, L., & Accili, D. (2009) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db09-1303 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Nasal Absorption of Insulin in Dogs
Hirai, S., Ikenaga, T., & Matsuzawa, T. (1978) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.27.3.296 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Benedict, C., Brede, S., Schiöth, H. B., Lehnert, H., Schultes, B., Born, J., & Hallschmid, M. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0329 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Intranasal Insulin Ameliorates Tau Hyperphosphorylation in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes
Yang, Y., Ma, D., Wang, Y., Jiang, T., Hu, S., Zhang, M., Yu, X., & Gong, C. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-121294 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Intranasal delivery of insulin via the olfactory nerve pathway
Renner, D. B., Svitak, A. L., Gallus, N. J., Ericson, M. E., Frey, W. H., & Hanson, L. R. (2012) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01555.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Fisher, S. J., Brüning, J. C., Lannon, S. M., & Kahn, C. R. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1447 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Kullmann, S., Frank, S., Heni, M., Ketterer, C., Veit, R., Häring, H.-U., Fritsche, A., & Preissl, H. (2013) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000341406 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Heni, M., Kullmann, S., Ketterer, C., Guthoff, M., Linder, K., Wagner, R. J., Stingl, K. T., Veit, R., Staiger, H., Häring, H., et al. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2528-y · Cited by 109 · see citing works
McIntyre, R. S., Soczynska, J. K., Woldeyohannes, H. O., Miranda, A., Vaccarino, A., MacQueen, G., Lewis, G. F., & Kennedy, S. H. (2012) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12006 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Insulin given intranasally induces hypoglycaemia in normal and diabetic subjects.
Pontiroli, A. E., Alberetto, M., Secchi, A., Dossi, G., Bosi, I., & Pozza, G. (1982) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.284.6312.303 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Downregulation of hypothalamic insulin receptor expression elicits depressive-like behaviors in rats
Grillo, C. A., Piroli, G. G., Kaigler, K. F., Wilson, S. P., Wilson, M. A., & Reagan, L. P. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.052 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Diggs‐Andrews, K. A., Zhang, X., Song, Z., Daphna-Iken, D., Routh, V. H., & Fisher, S. J. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0401 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Bohringer, A., Schwabe, L., Richter, S., & Schachinger, H. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.002 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Stein, L. J., Dorsa, D. M., Baskin, D. G., Figlewicz, D. P., Porte, D., & Woods, S. C. (1987) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-121-5-1611 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Effects of Intranasal Insulin on Hepatic Fat Accumulation and Energy Metabolism in Humans
Gancheva, S., Koliaki, C., Bierwagen, A., Nowotny, P., Heni, M., Fritsche, A., Häring, H.-U., Szendroedi, J., & Roden, M. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0892 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Silva, N., Atlantis, E. E., & Ismail, K. (2011) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0245-8 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Effect of Cerebral Intraventricular Insulin on Pancreatic Insulin Secretion in the Dog
Chen, M., Woods, S. C., & Porte, D. (1975) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.24.10.910 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Intranasal insulin therapy: the clinical realities
Hilsted, J., Madsbad, S., HVIDBERG, A. D., Rasmussen, M. H., Krarup, T., Ipsen, H.-H., Hansen, B., Pedersen, M., Djurup, R., & Oxenb�ll, B. (1995) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00401839 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
SF-1 in the ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus: A key regulator of homeostasis
Kim, K. W., Sohn, J.-W., Kohno, D., Xu, Y., Williams, K., & Elmquist, J. K. (2011) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.019 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Cline, B. H., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Malin, D., Revishchin, A. V., Gv, P., Cespuglio, R., & Strekalova, T. V. (2012) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-110 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Krug, R., Benedict, C., Jan Born, A., & Hallschmid, M. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0744 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Costello, D. A., Claret, M., Al‐Qassab, H., Plattner, F., Irvine, E. E., Choudhury, A. I., Giese, K.-P., Withers, D. J., & Pedarzani, P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031124 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Stöhr, O., Schilbach, K., Moll, L., Hettich, M. M., Freude, S., Wunderlich, F. T., Ernst, M. B., Zemva, J., Brüning, J. C., Krone, W., et al. (2011) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-011-9333-2 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Pan, Y., Hong, Y., Zhang, Q., & Kong, L. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.05.007 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Central Insulin Administration Improves Odor-Cued Reactivation of Spatial Memory in Young Men
Brünner, Y. F., Kofoet, A., Benedict, C., & Freiherr, J. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3018 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Lentivirus-mediated downregulation of hypothalamic insulin receptor expression
Grillo, C. A., Tamashiro, K. L., Piroli, G. G., Melhorn, S. J., Gass, J. T., Newsom, R. J., Reznikov, L. R., Smith, A. C., Wilson, S. P., Sakai, R. R., et al. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.043 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Insulin‐ and glucagonlike peptides in the brain
Dorn, A., Bernstein, H., Rinne, A., et al. (1983) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1092070108 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Intranasal Insulin Suppresses Systemic but Not Subcutaneous Lipolysis in Healthy Humans
Iwen, K. A., Scherer, T., Heni, M., Sayk, F., Wellnitz, T., Machleidt, F., Preissl, H., Häring, H.-U., Fritsche, A., Lehnert, H., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-3169 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Nasal absorption of insulin in dogs
Harai, S., Ikenaga, T., & Matsuzawa, T. (1978) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.27.3.296 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Depressive phenotypes evoked by experimental diabetes are reversed by insulin
Ho, N., Balu, D. T., Hilário, M. R. F., Blendy, J. A., & Lucki, I. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.09.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Rosenbloom, M. H., Barclay, T. R., Pyle, M., Owens, B. L., Cagan, A., Anderson, C. P., Frey, W. H., & Hanson, L. R. (2014) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0214-y · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Long-Term Use of Intranasal Insulin in Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Patients
Frauman, A. G., Cooper, M. E., Parsons, B. J., Jerums, G., & Louis, W. J. (1987) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.10.5.573 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Paranjape, S., Chan, O. T. M., Zhu, W., Horblitt, A. M., Grillo, C. A., Wilson, S. P., Reagan, L. P., & Sherwin, R. S. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00304.2011 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Proinsulin‐like material in mouse foetal brain cell cultures
Birch, N. P., Christie, D. L., & Renwick, A. G. C. (1984) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(84)80266-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Was Willis right? Thoughts on the interaction of depression and diabetes
Rubin, R. R., & Peyrot, M. F. (2002) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.292 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1-mediated Hyperthermia Involves Anterior Hypothalamic Insulin Receptors
Sánchez-Alavez, M., Osborn, O., Tabarean, I. V., Holmberg, K. H., Eberwine, J. H., Kahn, C. R., & Bartfai, T. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.188540 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Changes and Their Neural Correlates in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Lee, J. H., Choi, Y., Jun, C. S., Hong, Y. S., Cho, H. B., Kim, J. E., & Lyoo, I. K. (2014) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2014.29.2.112 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Effects of intranasal insulin in non-obese type II diabetics
Frauman, A. G., Jerums, G., & Louis, W. J. (1987) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(87)80039-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Insulin-like immunoreactivity in the human brain
Dorn, A., Bernstein, H., Rinne, A., Hahn, H.-J., & ZIEGLER, M. (1982) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/bf00495838 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Coates, P. A., Ismail, I. S., Luzio, S. D., Griffiths, I., Ollerton, R. L., Vølund, A., & Owens, D. R. (1995) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00464.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Lalej-Bennis, D., Boillot, J., Bardin, C., et al. (2001) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2001.00528.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stockhorst, U., de Fries, D., Steingrüber, H.-J., & Scherbaum, W. A. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2111-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Electrophysiological and behavioral phenotype of insulin receptor defective mice
Das, P., PARSONS, A., Scarborough, J. A., Hoffman, J., Wilson, J. M., THOMPSON, R., Overton, J. M., & Fadool, D. A. (2005) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.024 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Insulin treatment in psychiatry
James, F. E. (1992) · History of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0957154x9200301005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Meal‐time Intranasal Insulin Delivery in Type 2 Diabetes
Bruce, D. G., Chisholm, D. J., Storlien, L. H., Borkman, M., & Kraegen, E. W. (1991) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.1991.tb01611.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cowie, D. M. (1924) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1924.02200050037004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Paquot, N., Scheen, A. J., Franchimont, P., et al. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Origin and Nature of the Hypoglycemic Therapy of the Psychoses.
Sakel, M. (1937) · PubMed · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Effect of Insulin Shock on Learning in the White Rat
Berman, L., & Riess, B. F. (1942) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.95.2472.511 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
THE INTRANASAL APPLICATION OF INSULIN, EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL EXPERIENCES
Major, R. H. (1936) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-193608000-00015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Insulin coma therapy for schizophrenia
Crammer, J. (2000) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107680009300617 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Insulin Shock Therapy in Dementia Praecox: A Report of a Series of Cases.
Mack, C. W., & Burch, B. (1939) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder
eQTLGen Consortium, Stahl, E. A., BIOS Consortium, the Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Breen, G., Forstner, A. J., McQuillin, A., Ripke, S., Trubetskoy, V., Mattheisen, M., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0397-8 · Cited by 1,519 · see citing works
Mullins, N., Forstner, A. J., O’Connell, K. S., Coombes, B., Coleman, J. R. I., Qiao, Z., Als, T. D., Bigdeli, T. B., Børte, S., Bryois, J., et al. (2021) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-021-00857-4 · Cited by 1,517 · see citing works
Self-citationThe cell biology of systemic insulin function
Tokarz, V. L., MacDonald, P. E., & Klip, A. (2018) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201802095 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Inter‐organ communication: a gatekeeper for metabolic health
Castillo‐Armengol, J., Fajas, L., & Lopez‐Mejia, I. C. (2019) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201947903 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
A causal role for hyperinsulinemia in obesity
Templeman, N. M., Skovsø, S., Page, M. M., Lim, G. E., & Johnson, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-16-0449 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Safety of intranasal human insulin: A review
Schmid, V., Kullmann, S., Gfrörer, W., Hund, V., Hallschmid, M., Lipp, H., Häring, H., Preissl, H., Fritsche, A., & Heni, M. (2018) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13279 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Yaribeygi, H., Rashidy-Pour, A., Atkin, S. L., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118645 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
State of the science on brain insulin resistance and cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease
Rhea, E. M., Leclerc, M., Yassine, H. N., Capuano, A. W., Tong, H., Petyuk, V. A., Macauley, S. L., Fioramonti, X., Carmichael, O., Calon, F., et al. (2023) · Aging and disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2023.0814 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Ritze, Y., Kern, W., Ebner, E.-M., Jahn, S., Benedict, C., & Hallschmid, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00663 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Santiago, J. C. P., & Hallschmid, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00054 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lee, S.-H., Zabolotny, J. M., Huang, H., Lee, H., & Kim, Y.-B.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Gachon University Gil Medical Center (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Young-Bum
- Venue
- Molecular Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 589-601
- ISSN
- 2212-8778 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5021669
- OpenAlex
- W2471590266
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01DK083567)
- Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI14C3417)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- insulin, glucose homeostasis, energy homeostasis, body weight homeostasis, memory, mood, intranasal insulin, obesity, type 2 diabetes, dementia, mood disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
