Blockchains everywhere - a use-case of blockchains in the pharma supply-chain
Abstract
Blockchains are on the top of the Gartner Hype Cycle 2016 and many start-ups are integrating blockchains into their technology portfolio. While blockchains have emerged in the context of financial applications, non-financial application areas are of interest as well. In this paper, modum.io is presented, a start-up that uses IoT (Internet of Things) sensor devices leveraging blockchain technology to assert data immutability and public accessibility of temperature records, while reducing operational costs in the pharmaceutical supply-chain. The medical industry has many complex and strict environmental control process (e.g., temperature and humidity) to ensure quality control and regulatory compliance over the transport of medical products. The sensor devices monitor the temperature of each parcel during the shipment to fully ensure GDP regulations. All data is transferred to the blockchain where a smart contract assesses against the product attributes. As modum.io is not the only non-financial start-up working with blockchains, a list of areas and other start-ups is provided that aim to reduce bureaucracy, distribute the infrastructure, and saving costs using blockchains.
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The data in Tables 5-7 highlight regulatory compliance in pharmaceutical supply chains as an objective achievable through blockchain adoption.
“From the data in Tables 567, other important possible objectives, achievable through the adoption of the blockchain technology, can be highlighted: regulatory compliance in pharmaceutical supply chains [78], right supply-demand matching in agricultural supply chains [81], and alignment of information sharing among supply chain actors [83].”
From A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
Only three documents in macro-clusters C1 and C2 present a real implementation based on real blockchains.
“Some of them propose new platforms just at a concept level [45,51,52,75,77,83,84,88,89,91], some of them present proofs of their concepts [76,79,81], and only three of them present a real implementation based on real blockchains: [78,80,82].”
From A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
Papers [78,82] propose real implementations based on existing blockchains: Ethereum [78] and Ethereum and Hyperledger [82].
“Papers [78,82] also propose real implementations, but based on existing blockchains: Ethereum [78] and Ethereum and Hyperledger [82].”
From A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
[78] has a real implementation based on Ethereum.
“Ethereum”
From A Review of Blockchain-Based Systems in Transportation (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
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Bayramova, A., Edwards, D. J., & Roberts, C. J. (2021) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings11070283 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
An integrated fuzzy-ANP and fuzzy-ISM approach using blockchain for sustainable supply chain
Yadav, S., & Singh, S. P. (2020) · Journal of Enterprise Information Management · doi:10.1108/jeim-09-2019-0301 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
A Systematic Analysis on Blockchain Integration With Healthcare Domain: Scope and Challenges
Khatri, S., Al-Zahrani, F. A., Ansari, M. T. J., Agrawal, A., Kumar, R., & Khan, R. A. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3087608 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
A Survey on Using Blockchain in Trade Supply Chain Solutions
Juma, H., Shaalan, K. F., & Kamel, I. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2960542 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“[54] proposed a tractability system termed Modum.”
Drugledger: A Practical Blockchain System for Drug Traceability and Regulation
Huang, Y., Wu, J. B., & Long, C. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) · doi:10.1109/cybermatics_2018.2018.00206 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“[4] said they had built a prototype of drug supply chain traceability system based on Ethereum smart contract [9], without giving concrete design of the worklfow.”
Blockchain-Based IoT Devices in Supply Chain Management: A Systematic Literature Review
Hussain, M., Javed, W., Hakeem, O., Yousafzai, A., Younas, A., Awan, M. J., Nobanee, H., & Zain, A. M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132413646 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Implementation of the circular supply chain management in the pharmaceutical industry
Khan, F. H., & Ali, Y. (2022) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-021-02007-6 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Blockchain technology (Bocek et al., 2017) Using blockchain technology to enhance visibility across the entire supply chain”
MethodSecurity Threats, Countermeasures, and Challenges of Digital Supply Chains
Hammi, B., Zeadally, S., & Nebhen, J. (2023) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3588999 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“In the same pharmaceutical context, Bocek et al. proposed Modum.io [196] which is a system that complies with the Good Distribution Practice (GDP) regulation 46 which requires a proof that shipped medicinal products have not been exposed to conditions compromising their safety.”
BackgroundLockl, J., Schlatt, V., Schweizer, A., Urbach, N., & Harth, N. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2020.2978014 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“The authors noted that at the time of writing, a light-client protocol for their blockchain environment was still under development and, therefore, not available [29].”
BackgroundDifferential privacy in blockchain technology: A futuristic approach
Hassan, M. U., Rehmani, M. H., & Chen, J. (2020) · Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing · doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.06.003 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
A comprehensive review on blockchain and Internet of Things in healthcare
Sharma, A., Kaur, S., & Singh, M. (2021) · Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies · doi:10.1002/ett.4333 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Blockchain in Secure Healthcare Systems: State of the Art, Limitations, and Future Directions
Sharma, V., Gupta, A. K., Hasan, N. U., Shabaz, M., & Ofori, I. (2022) · Security and Communication Networks · doi:10.1155/2022/9697545 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“[35] 2017 Global and local consensus model Identification and verification Trust issue Bryatov and Borodinov [37] 2019 BC-HIE method Storing and sharing data Complicated structure”
BackgroundMethodRetractedBlockchain Use Cases and Their Feasibility
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Philsoophian, M., Akhavan, P., & Namvar, M. (2021) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-08-2020-1122 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The Use of Blockchain Technology in the Health Care Sector: Systematic Review
Elangovan, D., Long, C. S., Bakrin, F. S., Tan, C. S., Goh, K. W., Yeoh, S. F., Loy, M. J., Hussain, Z., Lee, K. S., Idris, A. C., et al. (2022) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/17278 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Bocek et al [32] stated in their study that the application of blockchain technology in pharmaceutical supply chain management ensures data logging.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUnblocking the chain – findings from an executive workshop on blockchain in the supply chain
van Hoek, R. (2019) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/scm-11-2018-0383 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Tayal, A., Solanki, A., Kondal, R., Nayyar, A., Tanwar, S., & Kumar, N. (2020) · International Journal of Communication Systems · doi:10.1002/dac.4696 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Bocek et al. 59 and Kamath 60 16”
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State-of-the-Art Review on IoT Threats and Attacks: Taxonomy, Challenges and Solutions
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A Blockchain Based Solution for Medication Anti-Counterfeiting and Traceability
Zhu, P., Hu, J. G., Zhang, Y., et al. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3029196 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Bocek et al. [21] use blockchain technology to maintain the immutability of data in the medicine supply chain and the accessibility of temperature records to the public, while reducing the operating costs of the medicine supply chain.”
BackgroundBlockchain technology in the pharmaceutical industry: a systematic review
Zakari, N. M. A., Al‐Razgan, M., Alsaadi, A., Alshareef, H., saigh, H. A., Alashaikh, L., Alharbi, M., Alomar, R., & Alotaibi, S. (2022) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.840 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“(Bocek et al., 2017) proposed a system for supplying prescription drugs using blockchain technology.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialvan Hoek, R. (2019) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/scm-05-2019-0206 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
A Framework for Exploring Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management
Batwa, A., & Norrman, A. (2020) · Operations and Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.31387/oscm0420271 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“For example, BCT can be used to execute the digital signatures that are usually made upon predefined terms (Bocek et al ., 2017; Popper and Lohr, 2017; Wang et al ., 2019a; Azzi et al ., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialToward an Intelligent Blockchain IoT-Enabled Fish Supply Chain: A Review and Conceptual Framework
Ismail, S. S., Reza, H., Salameh, K., Zadeh, H. K., & Vasefi, F. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23115136 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Each reading, in the form of a data transaction, must contain a unique track-and-trace number for the current measurement associated with the sensor device’s physical address [63].”
BackgroundDecentralized Telemedicine Framework for a Smart Healthcare Ecosystem
Abugabah, A., Nizamuddin, N., & AlZubi, A. A. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3021823 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“[ 30], [32], [33].”
BackgroundBamakan, S. M. H., Faregh, N., & Zareravasan, A. (2021) · Journal of Computational Design and Engineering · doi:10.1093/jcde/qwab007 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A Taxonomic Review of the Use of IoT and Blockchain in Healthcare Applications
Azbeg, K., Ouchetto, O., Andaloussi, S. J., & Fetjah, L. (2021) · IRBM · doi:10.1016/j.irbm.2021.05.003 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Bader, L., Pennekamp, J., Matzutt, R., Hedderich, D., Kowalski, M., Lücken, V., & Wehrle, K. (2021) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2021.102529 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“The real-world applicability of blockchain-based approaches, in general, is underpinned by the growing number of production-grade platforms [17, 18, 27, 63, 72, 73, 79, 80, 82, 85, 87, 89].”
Background
- Authors
- Bocek, T., Rodrigues, B. B., Strasser, T., & Stiller, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- 2017 IFIP/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management (IM)
- Publisher
- IEEE
- Published
- 2017-05
- Pages
- 772-777
- OpenAlex
- W2737252471
- Cited by
- 585
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 41.17
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM) (publishedVersion)
- Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Supply Chain Traceability
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology in Education and Learning
- Keywords
- blockchain, pharmaceutical supply chain, IoT sensors, temperature monitoring, smart contracts, data immutability, good distribution practice, drug transport, startups, regulatory compliance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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