The Sustainability of Polycentric Information Commons1

Mindel, Vitali; Mathiassen, Lars; Rai, Arun

doi:10.25300/misq/2018/14015

Cited by 90Knowledge Management and SharingWikis in Education and CollaborationDigital Platforms and Economics

The Sustainability of Polycentric Information Commons1

Mindel, Vitali, Mathiassen, Lars, Rai, Arun·2018·MIS Quarterly

DOI 10.25300/misq/2018/14015

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Abstract

Research on various distributed online information systems—including blogging, crowdsourcing, media sharing, online communities, online reviews, open source software development, social media, wikis, peer-to-peer file sharing, and two-sided electronic markets—shows that the level of user engagement and overall activity in most systems eventually decline substantially. Here, we draw on Hardin’s theory of the tragedy of the commons and Ostrom’s theory of polycentric governance to introduce a unifying theory of polycentric information commons that explains these phenomena. Further, our theory illuminates how polycentric governance principles, as manifested in system rules and infrastructure features, counterbalance various sustainability threats arising from unrestricted participation. By integrating previous research findings and offering new insights into information and governance practices, the theory, practically applied, can enhance the likelihood of sustained participation across diverse, decentralized online information systems. We conclude by discussing how researchers can use the theory in empirical investigations and how they can engage in theoretical elaborations.

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Key sustainability considerations include aligning incentive structures and governance models with the overarching goals of individual crypto commons.
“Key sustainability considerations include aligning incentive structures and governance models with the overarching goals of individual crypto commons (Beck et al., 2018; Mindel et al., 2018).”
From Sustaining the Crypto Commons: A Configurational Systems Perspective on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Governance (2024) · cites this paper as Mindel et al., 2018
Ostrom's theory has informed IS research on digital platforms governance, while Hardin's perspective has largely been overlooked in the IS discipline.
“Moreover, while Ostrom's theory has informed IS research on digital platforms governance, Hardin's perspective has largely been overlooked in the IS discipline (Mindel et al., 2018).”
From Sustaining the Crypto Commons: A Configurational Systems Perspective on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Governance (2024) · cites this paper as Mindel et al., 2018
Polycentric governance practices are needed to manage the sustainability threats of information commons.
“To manage these threats, polycentric governance practices are needed (Mindel et al., 2018)”
From Sustaining the Crypto Commons: A Configurational Systems Perspective on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Governance (2024) · cites this paper as Mindel et al., 2018
Information commons face sustainability threats due to free-riding, congestion, violation, rebellion, and pollution.
“Mindel et al. (2018) argue that information commons face sustainability threats due to free-riding, congestion, violation, rebellion, and pollution.”
From Sustaining the Crypto Commons: A Configurational Systems Perspective on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Governance (2024) · cites this paper as Mindel et al., 2018
Incremental adaptation, where the platform adapts to changing circumstances, mitigates rebellion.
“Incremental adaptation, where the platform adapts to changing circumstances, mitigates rebellion.”
From Sustaining the Crypto Commons: A Configurational Systems Perspective on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Governance (2024) · cites this paper as Mindel et al., 2018

Shared accountability involves stakeholders in sustainability efforts, decreasing pollution and congestion.
“Shared accountability involves stakeholders in sustainability efforts, decreasing pollution and congestion.”
From Sustaining the Crypto Commons: A Configurational Systems Perspective on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Governance (2024) · cites this paper as Mindel et al., 2018
Boundary regulation establishes clear rules for behavior, reducing free-riding and violation.
“Boundary regulation establishes clear rules for behavior, reducing free-riding and violation.”
From Sustaining the Crypto Commons: A Configurational Systems Perspective on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Governance (2024) · cites this paper as Mindel et al., 2018
Aligning the interests of the three key stakeholder groups of the crypto commons - producers, providers, and appropriators - is essential.
“it is essential to align the interests of three key stakeholder groups (Mindel et al., 2018): producers, who develop and maintain the supporting infrastructure of the crypto commons”
From Sustaining the Crypto Commons: A Configurational Systems Perspective on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Governance (2024) · cites this paper as Mindel et al., 2018
With the creation of open source licences, came the opportunity to hard fork open source projects, an event related to the collective action threat of rebellion.
“With the creation of open source licences, came the opportunity to hard fork open source projects, an event related to the collective action threat of rebellion (Mindel et al. 2018).”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Mindel et al. 2018
Together, collective action threats and governance practices work in concert to determine the sustainability of open source projects.
“Together, collective action threats and governance practices work in concert to determine the sustainability of open source projects.”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Mindel et al. 2018
Engaging in collective action threats and expecting open source governance practices to remain unchanged is also risky as open source governance may be controlled by just a few people willing to make unilateral changes to offset collective action threats.
“Likewise, engaging in collective action threats and expecting open source governance practices to remain unchanged is also risky as open source governance may be controlled by just a few people willing to make unilateral changes to offset collective action threats (O'Mahony and Ferraro 2007; Shaikh and Henfridsson 2017;Mindel et al. 2018).”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Mindel et al. 2018
Collective action threats, effects impacting the overall functioning and sustainability of a respective project, may exist in relation to changing governance practices.
“Accordingly, collective action threats, effects impacting the overall functioning and sustainability of a respective project, may exist in relation to changing governance practices (Mindel et al. 2018).”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Mindel et al. 2018
The study demonstrated how components of the Mindel et al. (2018) model of polycentric information commons operated in practice, strengthening the model's applicability.
“First, we demonstrated how components of the Mindel et al. (2018) model of polycentric information commons operated in practice, strengthening the theoretical model's applicability (Lewin 1951;Whetten 1989).”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Mindel et al. (2018)
The research linked how collective action threats are related to open source project governance practices.
“In doing so, our research linked how collective action threats are related to open source project governance practices (Shaikh and Henfridsson 2017;Mindel et al. 2018).”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Mindel et al. 2018
The preceding collective action threat of freeriding and the accompaniment of a lack of incremental adaptation were unique, as vendors made changes to boundary regulation without the 'mutual adjustments' of other community members.
“Unique was the preceding collective action threat (i.e., freeriding) as well as the accompaniment of a lack of incremental adaptation, as vendors made changes to boundary regulation without the 'mutual adjustments' of other community members (Mindel et al. 2018, 609).”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Mindel et al. 2018
Internal members have the agency to affect project practice changes.
“This aligns with Mindel et al. (2018) that internal members have the agency to affect project practice changes (Wenger 1998).”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Mindel et al. (2018)
Governance practices and people's actions towards them can create project challenges, as alignment is never secured and participation is continually unfolding.
“As such, governance practices and people's actions towards them can create project challenges as alignment is never secured and participation is continually unfolding (Mindel et al. 2018;Sokiyna and Sharma 2024).”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Mindel et al. 2018
The collective action threats and governance practices found in the investigated projects represent an important and present construct in the ever changing landscape of engagement with open source projects.
“collective action threats and governance practices (Mindel et al. 2018) found in these projects represent an important and present construct in the ever changing landscape of engagement with open source projects.”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Mindel et al. 2018
The research does not address the long-term sustainability of any of the investigated projects.
“Finally, our research does not address the long-term sustainability of any of the investigated projects (Mindel et al. 2018;Curto-Millet and Corsin Jimenez 2023).”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Mindel et al. 2018
In situations of instability, peripheral members may reposition themselves across projects, becoming central members in alternative projects to protect the long-term sustainability of strategically important open source assets.
“this leads to our second proposition: In situations of instability, peripheral members may reposition themselves across projects, becoming central members in alternative projects to protect the long-term sustainability of strategically important open source assets.”
From Freeriding and Rebellion: An Investigation of Open Source Vendor Relicensing and Member Hard Forking Events (2026) · cites this paper as Mindel et al. (2018)

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Authors: Mindel, V., Mathiassen, L., & Rai, A.
Affiliations: Virginia Tech (US)
Georgia State University (US)
ORCID: Mindel, Vitali
Rai, Arun
Venue: MIS Quarterly
Publisher: MIS Quarterly
Published: 2018-06-01
Volume: 42
Issue: 2
Pages: 607-631
ISSN: 0276-7783 (ISSN-L)
2162-9730
DOI: 10.25300/misq/2018/14015
OpenAlex: W2807457146
Cited by: 90
References: 158
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 15.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: MIS Quarterly (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Communication › Knowledge Management and Sharing
Social Sciences › Communication › Wikis in Education and Collaboration
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
Keywords: polycentric governance, tragedy of the commons, information commons, social media, online communities, crowdsourcing, peer-to-peer file sharing, two-sided markets, open source software development, wikis, online reviews, media sharing

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The Sustainability of Polycentric Information Commons1

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