Ongoing and online: Children and youth's perceptions of cyber bullying
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Victims have reported fears of Internet restrictions, parental interference, and confiscation of devices as a barrier to disclosure in the context of cyberbullying and online sexual solicitation.
“Victims have reported fears of this kind of punishment as a barrier to disclosure, for example, in the context of cyberbullying (Mishna et al., 2009) and online sexual solicitation (Gemara et al., 2025).”
From Why They Speak Up (or Don’t): Reasons For and Against Cybergrooming Disclosure Among Adolescent Victims (2025) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
At a descriptive level young people equated cyberbullying with 'bullying via the Internet'.
“At a descriptive level young people equated cyberbullying with”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Five included studies reported approval from an ethics committee.
“Five studies reported approval from an ethics committee (Berne et al., 2014;Burnham & Wright, 2012;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008) while a Dutch study reported that ethical approval was deemed unnecessary by an ethics committee in the Netherlands (Jacobs et al., 2015).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Three conceptually rich studies were purposefully read and open-coded independently by two reviewers to ensure inter-coder reliability and validity in the coding process.
“Three conceptually rich studies were identified and these were purposefully read and open-coded independently by two reviewers (RD, CS) to ensure inter-coder reliability and validity in the coding process (Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Nocentini et al., 2010).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Researcher reflexivity was lacking in the majority of included studies; only one study made explicit reference to the adult-child relationship and its impact on the research process.
“Researcher reflexivity was found to be lacking in the majority of studies; only one study made explicit reference to the adult-child relationship and its impact on the research process (Mishna et al., 2009).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
In the case of intentional harm, the absence of face-to-face interaction was thought to make it easier for the perpetrator.
“In the case of intentional harm, the absence of face-to-face interaction was thought to make it easier for the perpetrator, as explained by a 13 year-old girl in a Canadian study:”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Due to the absence of physical cues it is difficult for victims to express their distress and for perpetrators to recognize the impact of their actions.
“Due to the absence of physical cues it is difficult for victims to express their distress and, consequently, for perpetrators to recognize the impact of their actions (Abu Bakar, 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
The absence of face-to-face interaction in the cyber world contributes to the ambiguous nature of intent.
“Many studies highlighted how the absence of face-to-face interaction in the cyber world contributes to the ambiguous nature of intent (Abu Bakar, 2015;Baas et al., 2013;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008;Topcu et al., 2013).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
An expectation of safety in the home can make cyberbullying feel particularly invasive.
“A Canadian study highlighted that an expectation of safety in the home can make cyberbullying feel particularly invasive.”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Cyberbullying takes place more often outside of school and is commonly experienced while at home, facilitated by technological access and insufficient adult monitoring and regulation.
“Many studies reported that cyberbullying takes place more often outside of school and is commonly experienced while at home, facilitated by technological access and insufficient adult monitoring and regulation (Burnham & Wright, 2012;Mishna et al., 2009;Smith et al., 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Cyberbullying is an extension of school bullying, with perpetrators empowered to continue their harassment in cyberspace after the school day.
“Several studies described cyberbullying as an extension of school bullying with perpetrators empowered to continue their harassment in cyberspace after the school day (Betts & Spenser, 2017;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Topcu et al., 2013).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Some included studies characterized young people as dependent on ICT.
“Some studies characterized young people as dependent on ICT (Abu Bakar, 2015; Mishna et al., 2009).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Victimization enabled by technology traverses the physical and cyber worlds, which can result in non-stop bullying.
“It was highlighted that, enabled by technology, victimization traverses the physical and cyber worlds which can result in “non-stop bullying” (Mishna et al., 2009(Mishna et al., , p. 1224)).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
When away from the online environment young people report feeling isolated from social life.
“When away from the online environment young people report feeling isolated from social life (Abu Bakar, 2015; Betts & Spenser, 2017;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Topcu et al., 2013).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Visual cyberbullying, the distribution of disparaging pictures or videos online, was perceived as particularly damaging.
“Visual cyberbullying, the distribution of disparaging pictures or videos online, was perceived as particularly damaging (Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Nocentini et al., 2010;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Anonymous acts can make it difficult for a victim to determine a perpetrator's identity.
“However, anonymous acts can make it difficult for a victim to determine a perpetrator's identity (Mishna et al., 2009;Nocentini et al., 2010;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Perpetrators may share photos or say mean things about others to obtain peer rewards or a higher social status through the amusement of the wider audience.
“It was suggested that perpetrators may share photos or say mean things about others to obtain peer rewards or a higher social status through the amusement of the wider audience (Berne et al., 2014;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Smith et al., 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Young people recognized anonymity as a large part of the power and impact of cyberbullying.
“This was recognized by young people as a large part of the power and impact of cyber bullying (Baas et al., 2013;Mishna et al., 2009;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Smith et al., 2008;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Young people perceived adults as oblivious to the cyber world and inept in dealing with cyber issues.
“Young people perceived adults as oblivious to the cyber world and inept in dealing with cyber issues (Baas et al., 2013;Burnham & Wright, 2012;Mishna et al., 2009;Smith et al., 2008); as a result, they often remained silent about cyberbullying.”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Anonymity can empower those who were unlikely to become real-life bullies or who were even victims of traditional bullying to engage in bullying behaviors.
“It was reported that anonymity can “…empower those who were unlikely to become real life bullies or who were even victims of traditional bullying”, to engage in bullying behaviors (Abu Bakar, 2015;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008, p. 502).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
The absence of consequence means that behavior is no longer constrained by the norms and rules of social interactions.
“The absence of consequence “means that behavior is no longer constrained by the norms and rules of social interactions” (Betts & Spenser, 2017, p. 31;Mishna et al., 2009;Topcu et al., 2013).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Victims sometimes discover the identity of an anonymous perpetrator.
“It was noted that victims sometimes discover the identity of an anonymous perpetrator (Baas et al., 2013;Mishna et al., 2009;Nocentini et al., 2010;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008)”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Some young people perceived anonymity and perpetrators' ability to evade responsibility as a barrier to telling parents or teachers, as they make it impossible for the victim to prove the cyber incident or to identify the perpetrator.
“Some young people perceived anonymity and the perpetrators ability to evade responsibility as a barrier to telling parents or teachers, as they make it impossible for the victim to prove the cyber incident or to identify the perpetrator (Mishna et al., 2009;Smith et al., 2008;Topcu et al., 2013).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
The anonymity afforded by social media enables perpetrators to engage in cyberbullying acts with little fear of repercussion.
“The anonymity afforded by social media enables perpetrators to engage in cyberbullying acts with little fear of repercussion (Betts & Spenser, 2017;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008;Topcu et al., 2013).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
Young people were reluctant to report cyberbullying to adults for fear that their access to ICT would be removed.
“Some studies highlighted young people's reluctance to report cyberbullying to adults for fear that their access to ICT would be removed.”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
The restriction of access to ICT was perceived as a punishment, even if undertaken as a supportive action, because it meant the loss of connection with their social world.
“The restriction of access was perceived as a punishment, even if undertaken as a supportive action, as it meant the “loss of their connection with their social world” (Baas et al., 2013;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Mishna et al., 2009Mishna et al., , p. 1226)).”
From Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research (2020) · cites this paper as Mishna et al., 2009
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“Some studies suggest that a primary motivation for adolescents to cyberbully is anonymity [14,43–46], while for others it is not [19,47].”
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- Authors
- Mishna, F., Saini, M., & Solomon, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Mishna, Faye
- Venue
- Children and Youth Services Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1222-1228
- ISSN
- 0190-7409 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2125036394
- Cited by
- 560
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 31.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Children and Youth Services Review (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, children's perceptions, youth, online anonymity, online relationships, social groups, online communication, definition of bullying, school-age students
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