Is there a difference in subjective experience of cognitive function in patients with unipolar disorder versus bipolar disorder?
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cognitive dysfunction in unipolar disorder (UD) and bipolar disorder (BD) may persist into remission and affect psychosocial function. Executive and memory deficits during remission may be more pronounced in BD than UD. However, patients' subjective experience of cognitive difficulties is poorly understood, and it is unclear whether BD and UD patients experience different cognitive difficulties. AIMS: To investigate whether there are differences in the quality and magnitude of subjective cognitive difficulties between UD and BD, and which factors influence the subjective cognitive difficulties in these patients. METHODS: Patients with BD (n = 54) or UD (n = 45) were referred to the outpatient mood disorder clinic at Department of Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital, following hospital discharge. Affective symptoms and patients' experience of cognitive symptoms were assessed at their initial consultation at the clinic. RESULTS: Patients experienced mild to moderate cognitive impairment despite being in partial or full remission, but there were no differences in subjective difficulties between BD and UD. Subjective cognitive dysfunction was predicted by depression severity, anxiety and mania symptoms rather than by diagnosis, age, gender or alcohol misuse. CONCLUSION: The absence of difference in subjective cognitive difficulties between UD and BD contrasts with evidence of greater objective dysfunction in BD. This highlights a potential discord between subjective and objective measures of cognitive function. Subjective cognitive function was predicted by affective symptoms, perhaps suggesting that this reflects mood symptoms rather than objective deficits. This points to a clinical need for objective assessment of cognitive function in these patient groups.
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A limitation of the lisdexamfetamine dimesylate study was the use of a self-report questionnaire to assess executive function, since subjective ratings of cognitive deficits do not necessarily correlate with objective impairments.
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“EPO crosses the blood–brain barrier and exerts antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects enhancing hippocampus-dependent memory and neuroplasticity, partly via increased production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) [95].”
From Cognitive remission: a novel objective for the treatment of major depression? (2016) · cites this paper as [95]
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- Authors
- Miskowiak, K., Vinberg, M., Christensen, E. M., & Kessing, L. V.
- Affiliations
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Miskowiak, Kamilla
- Venue
- Nordic Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-03-09
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 389-395
- ISSN
- 0029-1455 (ISSN-L)
- 0803-9488
- 1502-4725
- OpenAlex
- W2103247610
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nordic Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- AstraZeneca
- International Society for Bipolar Disorders
- Servier
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- cognitive impairment, unipolar disorder, bipolar disorder, remission, executive function, memory impairment, depression severity, anxiety symptoms, manic symptoms, mood symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Attention, Bipolar Disorder, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Middle Aged, Perception, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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