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Cited by 230Hormonal and reproductive studiesHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesSperm and Testicular Function

The Metabolic Syndrome and Smoking in Relation to Hypogonadism in Middle-Aged Men: A Prospective Cohort Study

Laaksonen, David E., Niskanen, Leo, Punnonen, Kari, Nyyssönen, Kristiina, Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka, Valkonen, Veli-Pekka, Salonen, Jukka T.·2005·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
DOI 10.1210/jc.2004-0970
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Abstract

In men, hypoandrogenism is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome. It is not known whether men with the metabolic syndrome are at a higher risk of developing hypogonadism. We therefore assessed whether the metabolic syndrome predicts development of hypogonadism 11 yr later in 651 middle-aged Finnish men participating in a population-based cohort study. Men with the metabolic syndrome at baseline as defined by the World Health Organization (n = 114, 20%) had a 2.6-fold increased risk of developing hypogonadism as defined by total testosterone levels less than 11 nmol/liter at the 11-yr follow-up independent of age, smoking, and other potential confounders. Further adjustment for body mass index (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.8) or baseline total testosterone levels (OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0-3.4) attenuated the association. The association of the metabolic syndrome with hypogonadism as defined by calculated free testosterone levels less than 225 pmol/liter was similar, but weaker. The adjusted decrease in testosterone concentrations during the 11-yr follow-up was also greater in men with than without the metabolic syndrome. Smokers had a nonsignificantly lower risk of developing hypogonadism during follow-up, whereas a decrease in smoking increased the risk of hypogonadism. The metabolic syndrome predisposes to development of hypogonadism in middle-aged men. Prevention of abdominal obesity and the accompanying metabolic syndrome in middle age may decrease the risk of hypogonad…

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Crossref · 10.1210/jc.2004-0970

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17 of 17 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • During a 13-year observation, a reduced number of cigarettes was associated with a greater decrease in testosterone, a higher risk of hypogonadism, and a greater increase in waistline compared to men who continued smoking without restrictions.

    “During the subsequent 13-year observation, a reduced number of cigarettes was, however, associated with a greater decrease in testosterone, a higher risk of hypogonadism defined by levels of total and free testosterone and a greater increase in waistline compared to men who continued smoking without restrictions.”

    From Effects of Smoking Cessation on Hormonal Levels in Men (2013) · cites this paper as Laaksonen et al. 2005

  • Laaksonen et al. observed higher levels of total and free testosterone at baseline in smokers compared to non-smokers.

    “Laaksonen et al. (2005) observed higher levels of total and free testosterone levels at baseline in smokers compared to non-smokers.”

    From Effects of Smoking Cessation on Hormonal Levels in Men (2013) · cites this paper as Laaksonen et al. (2005)

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Authors
Laaksonen, D. E., Niskanen, L., Punnonen, K., Nyyssönen, K., Tuomainen, T.-P., Valkonen, V.-P., & Salonen, J. T.
Affiliations
  • Kuopio University Hospital (FI)
  • University of Eastern Finland (FI)
Corresponding author
Nyyssönen, Kristiina
ORCID
Venue
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher
The Endocrine Society
Published
2005-02
Volume
90
Issue
2
Pages
712-719
ISSN
  • 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7197
DOI
10.1210/jc.2004-0970
OpenAlex
W2163371302
Cited by
230
References
17
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 16
FWCI
10.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-44199, R01HL044199)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
Keywords
metabolic syndrome, hypogonadism, smoking, middle-aged men, testosterone, free testosterone, abdominal obesity, body mass index, smoking cessation
MeSH terms
Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypogonadism, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Smoking, Testosterone, Time Factors, Triglycerides, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index, Metabolic Syndrome

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