Assessing the Risk of Probiotic Dietary Supplements in the Context of Antibiotic Resistance
Open accessAbstract
Probiotic bacteria are known to harbor intrinsic and mobile genetic elements that confer resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics. Their high amounts in dietary supplements can establish a reservoir of antibiotic resistant genes in the human gut. These resistant genes can be transferred to pathogens that share the same intestinal habitat thus resulting in serious clinical ramifications. While antibiotic resistance of probiotic bacteria from food, human and animal sources have been well-documented, the resistant profiles of probiotics from dietary supplements have only been recently studied. These products are consumed with increasing regularity due to their health claims that include the improvement of intestinal health and immune response as well as prevention of acute and antibiotic-associated diarrhea and cancer; but, a comprehensive risk assessment on the spread of resistant genes to human health is lacking. Here, we highlight recent reports of antibiotic resistance of probiotic bacteria isolated from dietary supplements, and propose complementary strategies that can shed light on the risks of consuming such products in the context of a global widespread of antibiotic resistance. In concomitant with a broader screening of antibiotic resistance in probiotic supplements is the use of computational simulations, live imaging and functional genomics to harvest knowledge on the evolutionary behavior, adaptations and dynamics of probiotics studied in conditions that best represent the human gut including in the presence of antibiotics. The underlying goal is to enable the health benefits of probiotics to be exploited in a responsible manner and with minimal risk to human health.
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Commercial probiotic products may contain ARGs or transferable resistance determinants, although the level of risk varies substantially among product types, bacterial taxa and analytical pipelines.
“Previous studies have shown that commercial probiotic products may contain ARGs or transferable resistance determinants, although the level of risk varies substantially among product types, bacterial taxa and analytical pipelines [15,16,17,18,19,20].”
From Integrated Phenotypic and Sequencing-Based Resistome Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in a Sample of Commercial Farm-Animal Probiotic Products (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
The “Probiotic Supplements: Antibiotic Resistance Among Other Concerns” section reports antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from commercial supplements and discusses transfer of resistance determinants. The “Assessing the Risk” section notes that screening selected for Lactobacillus and omitted other taxa, and calls for broader testing across brands and methods. It does not establish that risk varies substantially among product types, bacterial taxa, and analytical pipelines. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProbiotic products and probiotic-associated taxa may carry detectable ARGs, but public-health relevance depends on taxon identity, gene function, genomic context and mobility potential rather than on ARG counts alone.
“previous studies have shown that probiotic products and probiotic-associated taxa may carry detectable ARGs, but that public-health relevance depends on taxon identity, gene function, genomic context and mobility potential rather than on ARG counts alone [15,16,17,18,22,23].”
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- Authors
- Zheng, M., Zhang, R., Tian, X., Zhou, X., Pan, X., & Wong, A.
- Affiliations
- Wenzhou-Kean University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wong, Aloysius
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2017-05-19
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 908-908
- ISSN
- 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5437161
- OpenAlex
- W2616265506
- Cited by
- 218
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 15.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Keywords
- probiotics, dietary supplements, antibiotic resistance, antibiotic resistance genes, mobile genetic elements, gut microbiota, horizontal gene transfer, risk assessment, human health risk
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