Antibiotic resistance in probiotic bacteria
Open accessAbstract
Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host. The main probiotic bacteria are strains belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, although other representatives, such as Bacillus or Escherichia coli strains, have also been used. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are two common inhabitants of the human intestinal microbiota. Also, some species are used in food fermentation processes as starters, or as adjunct cultures in the food industry. With some exceptions, antibiotic resistance in these beneficial microbes does not constitute a safety concern in itself, when mutations or intrinsic resistance mechanisms are responsible for the resistance phenotype. In fact, some probiotic strains with intrinsic antibiotic resistance could be useful for restoring the gut microbiota after antibiotic treatment. However, specific antibiotic resistance determinants carried on mobile genetic elements, such as tetracycline resistance genes, are often detected in the typical probiotic genera, and constitute a reservoir of resistance for potential food or gut pathogens, thus representing a serious safety issue.
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Bacillus species has been shown greater resilience due to spore formation, but strain-dependent susceptibility can undermine their efficacy.
“Though Bacillus species has been shown greater resilience due to spore formation, strain-dependent susceptibility can undermine their efficacy.8”
From Safety and efficacy concerns in Indian probiotics: Insights from whole-genome sequencing and <i>in vitro</i> assessment (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
The section “Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Other Probiotic Strains” describes Bacillus as endospore-forming and says probiotic Bacillus strains can sporulate. It also describes resistance mechanisms in particular strains, but does not establish greater resilience from spores or show that strain-dependent susceptibility undermines probiotic efficacy. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMany resistance determinants identified in Bacillus probiotics are considered intrinsic chromosomal traits, and therefore their presence alone does not necessarily indicate horizontal gene transfer without further analysis of their genomic context.
“However, many resistance determinants identified in Bacillus probiotics are considered intrinsic chromosomal traits, and therefore, their presence alone does not necessarily indicate horizontal gene transfer without further analysis of their genomic context.8,28”
From Safety and efficacy concerns in Indian probiotics: Insights from whole-genome sequencing and <i>in vitro</i> assessment (2026) · cites this paper as [8]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Gueimonde, M., Sánchez, B., G. de los Reyes-Gavilán, C., & Margolles, A.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 202-202
- ISSN
- 1664-302X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3714544
- OpenAlex
- W2163619058
- Cited by
- 691
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 98 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 28.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- antibiotic resistance, probiotic bacteria, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, intrinsic antibiotic resistance, mobile genetic elements, tetracycline resistance genes, gut microbiota restoration, food safety, antibiotic therapy
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