CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 120Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsImmune cells in cancerInflammasome and immune disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 110 of the 115 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Loss of IL-10 Promotes Differentiation of Microglia to a M1 Phenotype

Open access
Laffer, Björn, Bauer, Dirk, Wasmuth, Susanne, Busch, Martin, Jalilvand, Tida Viola, Thanos, Solon, Meyer zu Hörste, Gerd, Loser, Karin, Langmann, Thomas, Heiligenhaus, Arnd, Kasper, Maren·2019·Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
DOI 10.3389/fncel.2019.00430PMC PMC6794388
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Microglia represent the primary resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and modulate local immune responses. Depending on their physiological functions, microglia can be classified into pro- (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Interleukin (IL)-10 is an important modulator of neuronal homeostasis, with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective functions, and can be released by microglia. Here, we investigated how IL-10 deficiency affected the M1/2 polarization of primary microglia upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in vitro. Microglia phenotypes were analyzed via flow cytometry. Cytokine and chemokine secretion were examined by ELISA and bead-based multiplex LEGENDplex™. Our results showed that genetic depletion of IL-10 led to elevated M1 like phenotype (CD86+CD206-) under pro-inflammatory conditions associated with increased frequency of IL-6+, TNF-α+ cells and enhanced release of several pro-inflammatory chemokines. Absence of IL-10 led to an attenuated M2 like phenotype (CD86-CD206+) and a reduced secretion of TGF-β1 upon LPS stimulation. In conclusion, IL-10 deficiency may promote the polarisation of microglia into M1-prone phenotype under pro-inflammatory conditions.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fncel.2019.00430

Cites

110 of 110 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

FIGURE 1 Fluorescence microscopy of Iba1+ WT and IL-10 KO microglia. (A) WT (control), (B) WT (LPS); slim cell bodies, (C) IL-10 KO (control), (D) IL-10 KO (LPS), round, amoeboid cell shape. Representative figures of four independent experiments (n = 4); overlay Iba1/green, nuclei/blue, 200-fold magnification.
FIGURE 1 Fluorescence microscopy of Iba1+ WT and IL-10 KO microglia. (A) WT (control), (B) WT (LPS); slim cell bodies, (C) IL-10 KO (control), (D) IL-10 KO (LPS), round, amoeboid cell shape. Representative figures of four independent experiments (n = 4); overlay Iba1/green, nuclei/blue, 200-fold magnification.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 2 Cytokine pattern of WT (black bars) or IL-10 KO (gray bars) microglia of control group or after LPS treatment. ELISA data in pg/ml, (A) IL-6 (N = 11), (B) TNF-α (N = 11), (C) IL-10 (N = 10), and (D) TGF-β1 (N = 8), Mean ± SEM. Flow cytometric data in % CD11b+ cells, (E) IL-6, (F) TNF-α, (G) IL-10, (H) TGF-β1 (N = 5), mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA, ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.
FIGURE 2 Cytokine pattern of WT (black bars) or IL-10 KO (gray bars) microglia of control group or after LPS treatment. ELISA data in pg/ml, (A) IL-6 (N = 11), (B) TNF-α (N = 11), (C) IL-10 (N = 10), and (D) TGF-β1 (N = 8), Mean ± SEM. Flow cytometric data in % CD11b+ cells, (E) IL-6, (F) TNF-α, (G) IL-10, (H) TGF-β1 (N = 5), mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA, ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 3 Chemokine release (Δ: LPS minus control) of WT (black bars) and IL-10 KO (gray bars) microglia under LPS treatment. LEGENDplexTM data in pg/ml, (A) CCL2, (B) CCL3, (C) CCL4, (D) CCL5, (E) CCL11, (F) CCL17, (G) CCL20, (H) CCL22, (I) CXCL1, (J) CXCL5, (K) CXCL9, (L) CXCL10, and (M) CXCL13 (N = 8), mean ± SEM. Unpaired t-test, ∗p < 0.05.
FIGURE 3 Chemokine release (Δ: LPS minus control) of WT (black bars) and IL-10 KO (gray bars) microglia under LPS treatment. LEGENDplexTM data in pg/ml, (A) CCL2, (B) CCL3, (C) CCL4, (D) CCL5, (E) CCL11, (F) CCL17, (G) CCL20, (H) CCL22, (I) CXCL1, (J) CXCL5, (K) CXCL9, (L) CXCL10, and (M) CXCL13 (N = 8), mean ± SEM. Unpaired t-test, ∗p < 0.05.CC BY · PubMed Central
FIGURE 4 Flow cytometry of WT (black bars) and IL-10 KO (gray bars) microglia of control group or after LPS treatment. Data in% of CD11b+ cells, (A) CD11b, (B) CCR2, (C) CX3CR1, (D) M1 CD86+ CD206–, (E) M2 CD86-CD206+, (F) M1/2 CD86+ CD206+ (N = 3), mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA, ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗∗p < 0.001.
FIGURE 4 Flow cytometry of WT (black bars) and IL-10 KO (gray bars) microglia of control group or after LPS treatment. Data in% of CD11b+ cells, (A) CD11b, (B) CCR2, (C) CX3CR1, (D) M1 CD86+ CD206–, (E) M2 CD86-CD206+, (F) M1/2 CD86+ CD206+ (N = 3), mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA, ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗∗p < 0.001.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

1 retracted

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 120

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Laffer, B., Bauer, D., Wasmuth, S., Busch, M., Jalilvand, T. V., Thanos, S., Meyer zu Hörste, G., Loser, K., Langmann, T., Heiligenhaus, A., & Kasper, M.
Affiliations
  • St. Franziskus Hospital (DE)
  • University of Münster (DE)
  • University of Cologne (DE)
Corresponding author
Kasper, Maren
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2019-10-09
Volume
13
Pages
430-430
ISSN
1662-5102 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fncel.2019.00430
PMC
PMC6794388
OpenAlex
W2979963107
Cited by
120
References
115
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 16
FWCI
5.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Keywords
IL-10, microglia, M1 macrophage phenotype, M2 phenotype, microglial polarization, lipopolysaccharide, IL-10 deficiency, CD86, CD206, inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, interleukin-6, TGF-β1, chemokines, neuroinflammation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review