The brain’s best friend: microglial neurotoxicity revisited
Open accessAbstract
One long standing aspect of microglia biology was never questioned; their involvement in brain disease. Based on morphological changes (retracted processes and amoeboid shape) that inevitably occur in these cells in case of damage in the central nervous system, microglia in the diseased brain were called "activated." Because "activated" microglia were always found in direct neighborhood to dead or dying neuron, and since it is known now for more than 20 years that cultured microglia release numerous factors that are able to kill neurons, microglia "activation" was often seen as a neurotoxic process. From an evolutionary point of view, however, it is difficult to understand why an important, mostly post-mitotic and highly vulnerable organ like the brain would host numerous potential killers. This review is aimed to critically reconsider the term microglia neurotoxicity and to discuss experimental problems around microglia biology, that often have led to the conclusion that microglia are neurotoxic cells.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Activated microglia support neuronal survival by engulfing pathogens, debris, and neurotoxic entities and by synthesizing neurotrophic factors, but excessive or sustained microglial activation produces inflammatory collateral damage and may fuel further injury.
“Activated microglia also support neuronal survival and function by engulfing pathogens, cellular debris, or other neurotoxic entities and can synthesize various neurotrophic factors to promote tissue maintenance and repair (63, 64). However, the excessive or sustained activation of microglial cells (such as in chronic neurodegenerative diseases) usually produces significant inflammatory collateral”
From The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain (2014) · cites this paper as [63]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation
Mosser, D. M., & Edwards, J. P. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2448 · Cited by 9,144 · see citing works
Alternative activation of macrophages
Gordon, S. (2003) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri978 · Cited by 6,189 · see citing works
Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827 · see citing works
Fate Mapping Analysis Reveals That Adult Microglia Derive from Primitive Macrophages
Ginhoux, F., Greter, M., Leboeuf, M., Nandi, S., See, P., Gokhan, S., Mehler, M. F., Conway, S. J., Ng, L. G., Stanley, E. R., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194637 · Cited by 5,175 · see citing works
Synaptic Pruning by Microglia Is Necessary for Normal Brain Development
Paolicelli, R. C., Bolasco, G., Pagani, F., Maggi, L., Scianni, M., Panzanelli, P., Giustetto, M., Ferreira, T. A., Guiducci, E., Dumas, L., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1202529 · Cited by 4,244 · see citing works
Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms
Block, M. L., Zecca, L., & Hong, J.-S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2038 · Cited by 4,110 · see citing works
Microglia Sculpt Postnatal Neural Circuits in an Activity and Complement-Dependent Manner
Schafer, D. P., Lehrman, E. K., Kautzman, A. G., Koyama, R., Mardinly, A. R., Yamasaki, R., Ransohoff, R. M., Greenberg, M. E., Barres, B. A., & Stevens, B. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.026 · Cited by 4,089 · cited 2× · see citing works
““fncel-07-00071” — 2013/5/20 — 11:49 — page 1 — #1 REVIEW ARTICLE published: 16 May 2013 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00071 The brain’s best friend: microglial neurotoxicity revisited”
BackgroundInfluentialMicroglia: Active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain
Hanisch, U.-K., & Kettenmann, H. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1997 · Cited by 3,676 · see citing works
Kettenmann, H., Hanisch, U.-K., Noda, M., & Verkhratsky, A. (2011) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2010 · Cited by 3,547 · see citing works
Fate Mapping Reveals Origins and Dynamics of Monocytes and Tissue Macrophages under Homeostasis
Yona, S., Kim, K.-W., Wolf, Y., Mildner, A., Varol, D., Breker, M., Strauss-Ayali, D., Viukov, S., Guilliams, M., Misharin, A., et al. (2013) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2012.12.001 · Cited by 3,245 · see citing works
Macrophage activation and polarization
Martinez, F. O. (2008) · Frontiers in Bioscience · doi:10.2741/2692 · Cited by 3,160 · see citing works
Jung, S., Aliberti, J., Graemmel, P., Sunshine, M. J., Kreutzberg, G. W., Sher, A., & Littman, D. R. (2000) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.20.11.4106-4114.2000 · Cited by 2,632 · see citing works
BDNF from microglia causes the shift in neuronal anion gradient underlying neuropathic pain
Coull, J. A. M., Beggs, S., Boudreau, D., Boivin, D., Tsuda, M., Inoue, K., Gravel, C., Salter, M. W., & De Koninck, Y. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04223 · Cited by 1,965 · see citing works
Microglial physiology: unique stimuli, specialized responses
Ransohoff, R. M., & Perry, V. H. (2009) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132528 · Cited by 1,858 · see citing works
Selective depletion of macrophages reveals distinct, opposing roles during liver injury and repair
Duffield, J. S., Forbes, S. J., Constandinou, C. M., Clay, S., Partolina, M., Vuthoori, S., Wu, S., Lang, R., & Iredale, J. P. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200522675 · Cited by 1,649 · see citing works
Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life
Ajami, B., Bennett, J. L., Krieger, C., Tetzlaff, W., & Rossi, F. M. V. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2014 · Cited by 1,643 · see citing works
Onset and Progression in Inherited ALS Determined by Motor Neurons and Microglia
Boillée, S., Yamanaka, K., Lobsiger, C. S., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., Kassiotis, G., Kollias, G., & Cleveland, D. W. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1123511 · Cited by 1,623 · see citing works
Microglia Shape Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis through Apoptosis-Coupled Phagocytosis
Sierra, A., Encinas, J. M., Deudero, J. J. P., Chancey, J. H., Enikolopov, G., Overstreet-Wadiche, L. S., Tsirka, S. E., & Maletic-Savatic, M. (2010) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2010.08.014 · Cited by 1,622 · see citing works
Wake, H., Moorhouse, A. J., Jinno, S., Kohsaka, S., & Nabekura, J. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4363-08.2009 · Cited by 1,619 · see citing works
P2X4 receptors induced in spinal microglia gate tactile allodynia after nerve injury
Tsuda, M., Shigemoto‐Mogami, Y., Koizumi, S., Mizokoshi, A., Kohsaka, S., Salter, M. W., & Inoue, K. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01786 · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works
Microglial interactions with synapses are modulated by visual experience
Tremblay, M.-È., Lowery, R. L., & Majewska, A. K. (2010) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000527 · Cited by 1,542 · see citing works
Control of microglial neurotoxicity by the fractalkine receptor
Cardona, A. E., Pioro, E. P., Sasse, M. E., Kostenko, V., Cardona, S. M., Dijkstra, I. M., Huang, D., Kidd, G., Dombrowski, S., Dutta, R., et al. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1715 · Cited by 1,531 · see citing works
Microglia emerge from erythromyeloid precursors via Pu.1- and Irf8-dependent pathways
Kierdorf, K., Erny, D., Goldmann, T., Sander, V., Schulz, C., Perdiguero, E. G., Wieghofer, P., Heinrich, A., Riemke, P., Hölscher, C., et al. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3318 · Cited by 1,468 · see citing works
Microglia: new roles for the synaptic stripper
Kettenmann, H., Kirchhoff, F., & Verkhratsky, A. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.023 · Cited by 1,173 · see citing works
Gordon, S. (2002) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)01201-1 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works
Activated microglia mediate neuronal cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism
Chao, C. C., Hu, S., Molitor, T. W., Shaskan, E. G., & Peterson, P. K. (1992) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.149.8.2736 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Takahashi, K., Rochford, C. D. P., & Neumann, H. (2005) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20041611 · Cited by 1,124 · see citing works
Wild-Type Nonneuronal Cells Extend Survival of SOD1 Mutant Motor Neurons in ALS Mice
Clement, A. M., Nguyen, M. D., Roberts, E. A., Garcia, M. L., Boillée, S., Rule, M., McMahon, A. P., Doucette, W. T., Siwek, D. F., Ferrante, R. J., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1086071 · Cited by 1,101 · see citing works
Microglia in the adult brain arise from Ly-6ChiCCR2+ monocytes only under defined host conditions
Mildner, A., Schmidt, H., Nitsche, M., Merkler, D., Hanisch, U.-K., Mack, M., Heikenwalder, M., Brück, W., Priller, J., & Prinz, M. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2015 · Cited by 1,089 · see citing works
Infiltrating monocytes trigger EAE progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool
Ajami, B., Bennett, J. L., Krieger, C., McNagny, K. M., & Rossi, F. M. V. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2887 · Cited by 1,061 · see citing works
Down-Regulation of the Macrophage Lineage Through Interaction with OX2 (CD200)
Hoek, R. M., Ruuls, S. R., Murphy, C. A., Wright, G. J., Goddard, R., Zurawski, S. M., Blom, B., Homola, M. E., Streit, W. J., Brown, M. H., et al. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5497.1768 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
Tetracyclines inhibit microglial activation and are neuroprotective in global brain ischemia
Yrjänheikki, J., Keinänen, R., Pellikka, M., Hökfelt, T., & Koistinaho, J. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15769 · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Interleukin-1 and neuronal injury
Allan, S. M., Tyrrell, P. J., & Rothwell, N. J. (2005) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1664 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
The Role of Microglia in the Healthy Brain: Figure 1.
Tremblay, M.-È., Stevens, B., Sierra, A., Wake, H., Bessis, A., & Nimmerjahn, A. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4158-11.2011 · Cited by 992 · see citing works
Tikka, T., Fiebich, B. L., Goldsteins, G., Keinänen, R., & Koistinaho, J. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-08-02580.2001 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
El Khoury, J., Toft, M., Hickman, S. E., Means, T. K., Terada, K., Geula, C., & Luster, A. D. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1555 · Cited by 915 · see citing works
Microglia derive from progenitors, originating from the yolk sac, and which proliferate in the brain
Alliot, F., Godin, I., & Pessac, B. (1999) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00113-3 · Cited by 884 · see citing works
Kim, W., Mohney, R. P., Wilson, B. C., Jeohn, G., Liu, B., & Hong, J. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-16-06309.2000 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Heterogeneity of Microglial Activation in the Innate Immune Response in the Brain
Colton, C. A. (2009) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-009-9164-4 · Cited by 878 · see citing works
Selective Ablation of Proliferating Microglial Cells Exacerbates Ischemic Injury in the Brain
Lalancette-Hébert, M., Gowing, G., Simard, A., Weng, Y. C., & Kriz, J. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5360-06.2007 · Cited by 874 · see citing works
Microglia: Scapegoat, saboteur, or something else?
Aguzzi, A., Barres, B. A., & Bennett, M. L. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1227901 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
The myeloid cells of the central nervous system parenchyma
Ransohoff, R. M., & Cardona, A. E. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09615 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
Vasudeva, R., Tanga, F. Y., & DeLeo, J. A. (2003) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.103.052407 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Neuronal ‘On’ and ‘Off’ signals control microglia
Biber, K., Neumann, H., Inoue, K., & Boddeke, H. W. G. M. (2007) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.08.007 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death
Boje, K. M., & Arora, P. K. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)91004-x · Cited by 786 · see citing works
Layer V cortical neurons require microglial support for survival during postnatal development
Ueno, M., Fujita, Y., Tanaka, T., Nakamura, Y., Kikuta, J., Ishii, M., & Yamashita, T. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3358 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Matzinger, P. (1998) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1006/smim.1998.0143 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Beers, D. R., Henkel, J. S., Xiao, Q., Zhao, W., Wang, J., Yen, A. A., Siklos, L., McKercher, S. R., & Appel, S. H. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0607423103 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis repressed by microglial paralysis
Heppner, F. L., Greter, M., Marino, D., Falsig, J., Raivich, G., Hövelmeyer, N., Waisman, A., Rülicke, T., Prinz, M., Priller, J., et al. (2005) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1177 · Cited by 732 · cited 13× · see citing works
“Taken together, it can be concluded that ganciclovir-dependent inhibition of microglia function in CD11b-HSVTK animals was only advantageous in a disease model in one reported case (Heppner et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLedeboer, A., Sloane, E. M., Milligan, E. D., Frank, M. G., Mahony, J. H., Maier, S. F., & Watkins, L. R. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.02.009 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Heterogeneity of CNS myeloid cells and their roles in neurodegeneration
Prinz, M., Priller, J., Sisodia, S. S., & Ransohoff, R. M. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2923 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Microglia in health and disease
Kim, S. U., & de Vellis, J. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20562 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Graeber, M. B. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1190929 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Wild-type microglia arrest pathology in a mouse model of Rett syndrome
Derecki, N. C., Cronk, J. C., Lu, Z., Xu, E., Abbott, S. B. G., Guyenet, P. G., & Kipnis, J. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10907 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Saederup, N., Cardona, A. E., Croft, K., Mizutani, M., Cotleur, A. C., Tsou, C.-L., Ransohoff, R. M., & Charo, I. F. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013693 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Impaired neuropathic pain responses in mice lacking the chemokine receptor CCR2
Abbadie, C., Lindia, J. A., Cumiskey, A. M., Peterson, L., Mudgett, J. S., Bayne, E. K., DeMartino, J. A., MacIntyre, D. E., & Forrest, M. J. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1331358100 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Caspase signalling controls microglia activation and neurotoxicity
Burguillos, M. A., Deierborg, T., Kavanagh, E., Persson, A., Hajji, N., Garcia-Quintanilla, A., Cano, J., Brundin, P., Englund, E., Venero, J. L., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09788 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Herbomel, P., Thisse, B., & Thisse, C. (2001) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.2001.0393 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Selective vulnerability in the gerbil hippocampus following transient ischemia
Kirino, T., & Sano, K. (1984) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00691853 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Ulmann, L., Hatcher, J. P., Hughes, J. P., Chaumont‐Dubel, S., Green, P. J., Conquet, F., Buell, G. N., Reeve, A. J., Chessell, I. P., & Rassendren, F. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2308-08.2008 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Pramatarova, A., Laganière, J., Roussel, J., Brisebois, K., & Rouleau, G. A. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-10-03369.2001 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Mildner, A., Mack, M., Schmidt, H., Brück, W., Djukic, M., Zabel, M. D., Hille, A., Priller, J., & Prinz, M. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp144 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Glial cells as intrinsic components of non-cell-autonomous neurodegenerative disease
Lobsiger, C. S., & Cleveland, D. W. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1988 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Lino, M. M., Schneider, C., & Caroni, P. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-12-04825.2002 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Shi, X., Echeverry, S., Mogil, J. S., Koninck, Y. D., & Rivest, S. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3016-07.2007 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Minocycline Slows Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Križ, J., Nguyen, M. D., & Julien, J. (2002) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1006/nbdi.2002.0487 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Formation and maintenance of Alzheimer's disease β-amyloid plaques in the absence of microglia
Grathwohl, S. A., Kälin, R. E., Bolmont, T., Prokop, S., Winkelmann, G., Kaeser, S. A., Odenthal, J., Radde, R., Eldh, T., Gandy, S., et al. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2432 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Gao, H.-M., Zhou, H., Zhang, F., Wilson, B. C., Kam, W., & Hong, J.-S. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3732-10.2011 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Absence of the Chemokine Receptor CCR2 Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice
Dimitrijevic, O. B., Stamatovic, S. M., Keep, R. F., & Andjelkovic, A. V. (2007) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000259709.16654.8f · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Matzinger, P. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb03118.x · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Identification of a microglia phenotype supportive of remyelination
Olah, M., Amor, S., Brouwer, N., Vinet, J., Eggen, B., Biber, K., & Boddeke, H. W. G. M. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21266 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
He, Y., Appel, S. H., & Le, W. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02681-6 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Mizutani, M., Pino, P. A., Saederup, N., Charo, I. F., Ransohoff, R. M., & Cardona, A. E. (2012) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1100421 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Microglial Cells Contribute to Endogenous Brain Defenses after Acute Neonatal Focal Stroke
Faustino, J. V., Wang, X., Johnson, C. E., Klibanov, A. L., Derugin, N., Wendland, M. F., & Vexler, Z. S. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2102-11.2011 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Microglia, seen from the CX3CR1 angle
Wolf, Y., Yona, S., Kim, K.-W., & Jung, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00026 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · e-Neuroforum · doi:10.1515/nf-2005-0304 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Mika, J., Osikowicz, M., Makuch, W., & Przewłocka, B. (2007) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.01.013 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Lehnardt, S., Schott, E., Trimbuch, T., Laubisch, D., Krueger, C., Wulczyn, G., Nitsch, R., & Weber, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4760-07.2008 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Neuroprotective function for ramified microglia in hippocampal excitotoxicity
Vinet, J., van Weering, H. R., Heinrich, A., Kälin, R. E., Wegner, A., Brouwer, N., Heppner, F. L., van Rooijen, N., Boddeke, H. W., & Biber, K. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-27 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Formation and maintenance of Alzheimer’s disease beta-amyloid plaques in the absence of microglia
Grathwohl, S. A., Kälin, R., Bolmont, T., Prokop, S., Winkelmann, G., Kaeser, S. A., Odenthal, J., Radde, R., Eldh, T., Gandy, S. E., et al. (2010) · e-Neuroforum · doi:10.1515/nf-2010-0107 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Walker, D. G., Dalsing-Hernandez, J. E., Campbell, N. A., & Lue, L. (2008) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.09.003 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Cho, S.-H., Sun, B., Zhou, Y., Kauppinen, T. M., Halabisky, B., Wes, P., Ransohoff, R. M., & Gan, L. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111.254268 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Microglia and neuroprotection: From in vitro studies to therapeutic applications
Polazzi, E., & Monti, B. (2010) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.009 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Region‐specific expression of immunoregulatory proteins on microglia in the healthy CNS
Haas, A. H. D., Boddeke, H. W. G. M., & Biber, K. P. H. (2008) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20663 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Hughes, P. M., Botham, M. S., Frentzel, S., Mir, A., & Perry, V. H. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10037 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Delayed neuronal death and delayed neuronal recovery in the human brain following global ischemia
Horn, M., & Schlote, W. (1992) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00304636 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
CX3CL1 reduces neurotoxicity and microglial activation in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease
Pabon, M. M., Bachstetter, A. D., Hudson, C. E., Gemma, C., & Bickford, P. C. (2011) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-9 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Microglial repopulation model reveals a robust homeostatic process for replacing CNS myeloid cells
Varvel, N. H., Grathwohl, S. A., Baumann, F., Liebig, C., Bosch, A., Brawek, B., Thal, D. R., Charo, I. F., Heppner, F. L., Aguzzi, A., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1210150109 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Microglia in the CNS: Immigrants from another world
Prinz, M., & Mildner, A. (2010) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.21104 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Microglial Recruitment, Activation, and Proliferation in Response to Primary Demyelination
Remington, L. T., Babcock, A. A., Zehntner, S. P., & Owens, T. (2007) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.060783 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Broderick, C. A., Hoek, R. M., Forrester, J. V., Liversidge, J., Sedgwick, J. D., & Dick, A. D. (2002) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64444-6 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Protracted downregulation of CX3CR1 on microglia of aged mice after lipopolysaccharide challenge
Wynne, A. M., Henry, C. J., Huang, Y., Cleland, A., & Godbout, J. P. (2010) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.05.011 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Lindia, J. A., McGowan, E., Jochnowitz, N., & Abbadie, C. (2005) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.02.001 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Downregulation of macrophage inhibitory molecules in multiple sclerosis lesions
Koning, N., Bö, L., Hoek, R., & Huitinga, I. (2007) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21220 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Glucocorticoids Play a Fundamental Role in Protecting the Brain during Innate Immune Response
Nadeau, S., & Rivest, S. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-13-05536.2003 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
CX3CL1 Is Neuroprotective in Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rodents
Cipriani, R., Villa, P., Chece, G., Lauro, C., Paladini, A., Micotti, E., Perego, C., Simoni, M. G. D., Fredholm, B. B., Eusebi, F., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3611-11.2011 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Koning, N., Swaab, D. F., Hoek, R. M., & Huitinga, I. (2009) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e3181964113 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Vornov, J. J., Tasker, R. C., & Coyle, J. T. (1991) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/0014-4886(91)90079-r · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Tickets to the brain: Role of CCR2 and CX3CR1 in myeloid cell entry in the CNS
Prinz, M., & Priller, J. (2010) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.015 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Electrophysiological properties of microglial cells in normal and pathologic rat brain slices
Boucsein, C., Kettenmann, H., & Nolte, C. (2000) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00100.x · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Taking Advantage of the Systemic Immune System to Cure Brain Diseases
Yong, V. W., & Rivest, S. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.035 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Activated glia induce neuron death via MAP kinase signaling pathways involving JNK and p38
Xie, Z., Smith, C. J., & Eldik, L. J. V. (2003) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10314 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Schmid, C. D., Melchior, B., Masek, K., Puntambekar, S. S., Danielson, P. E., Lo, D. D., Sutcliffe, J. G., & Carson, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05984.x · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Gowing, G., Philips, T., Wijmeersch, B. V., Audet, J., Dewil, M., Bosch, L. V. D., Billiau, A., Robberecht, W., & Julien, J. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3494-08.2008 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Tarozzo, G., Campanella, M., Ghiani, M., Bulfone, A., & Beltramo, M. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02007.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
A versatile prion replication assay in organotypic brain slices
Falsig, J., Julius, C., Margalith, I., Schwarz, P., Heppner, F. L., & Aguzzi, A. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2028 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Schilling, M., Strecker, J., Schäbitz, W.-R., Ringelstein, E. B., & Kiefer, R. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.025 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
O'Callaghan, J. P., Sriram, K., & Miller, D. B. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1432.032 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Sedgwick, J. D., Ford, A. L., Foulcher, E., & Airriess, R. (1998) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.160.11.5320 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Morganti, J. M., Nash, K. R., Grimmig, B. A., Ranjit, S., Small, B. J., Bickford, P. C., & Gemma, C. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0539-12.2012 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Microglia dynamics and function in the CNS
Parkhurst, C. N., & Gan, W.-B. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.07.002 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Phenotyping primary human microglia: tight regulation of LPS responsiveness
Melief, J., Koning, N., Schuurman, K. G., Van De Garde, M. D. B., Smolders, J., Hoek, R. M., Van Eijk, M., Hamann, J., & Huitinga, I. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22370 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Jung, H., Bhangoo, S. K., Banisadr, G., Freitag, C., Ren, D., White, F. A., & Miller, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0485-09.2009 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Minocycline prevents cholinergic loss in a mouse model of Down's syndrome
Hunter, C. L., Bachman, D., & Granholm, A. (2004) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20250 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Diversity and plasticity of mononuclear phagocytes
Gordon, S., & Mantovani, A. (2011) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.201141988 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Minocycline attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced white matter injury in the neonatal rat brain
Fan, L.-W., Pang, Y., Lin, S., Rhodes, P. G., & Cai, Z. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.016 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Sorokin, S. P., Hoyt, R. F., Blunt, D. G., & McNelly, N. A. F. (1992) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1092320410 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Microglia and intractable chronic pain
Tsuda, M., Beggs, S., Salter, M. W., & Inoue, K. (2013) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22379 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Reactive microgliosis: extracellular μ-calpain and microglia-mediated dopaminergic neurotoxicity
Levesque, S., Wilson, B. C., Gregoria, V., Thorpe, L. B., Dallas, S., Polikov, V. S., Hong, J., & Block, M. L. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp333 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Neuroprotection by Minocycline Caused by Direct and Specific Scavenging of Peroxynitrite
Schildknecht, S., Pape, R., Müller, N., Robotta, M., Marquardt, A., Bürkle, A., Drescher, M., & Leist, M. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.169565 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Lauro, C., Cipriani, R., Catalano, M., Trettel, F., Chece, G., Brusadin, V., Antonilli, L., van Rooijen, N., Eusebi, F., Fredholm, B. B., et al. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.26 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Mirrione, M. M., Konomos, D. K., Gravanis, I., Dewey, S. L., Aguzzi, A., Heppner, F. L., & Tsirka, S. E. (2010) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2010.04.001 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Pais, T. F., Figueiredo, C., Peixoto, R. T., Braz, M. H., & Chatterjee, S. (2008) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-43 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self, Non-Self, and Danger: A Complementary View
Köhl, J. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-34134-x_6 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Schilling, M., Strecker, J., Ringelstein, E. B., Schäbitz, W., & Kiefer, R. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.054 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Frotscher, M., Zafirov, S., & Heimrich, B. (1995) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)00040-o · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Nadeau, S., & Rivest, S. (2002) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3370 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Kang, J., & Rivest, S. (2007) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.200705046 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Hulshof, S. C. J., van Haastert, E. S., Kuipers, H. F., van den Elsen, P. J., Groot, C. J. A. D., van der Valk, P., Ravid, R., & Biber, K. P. H. (2003) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/62.9.899 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The CCL2‐CCR2 system affects the progression and clearance of intracerebral hemorrhage
Yao, Y., & Tsirka, S. E. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22323 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Linnartz, B., Wang, Y., & Neumann, H. (2010) · International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.4061/2010/587463 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Walker, D. G., & Lue, L.-F. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20484 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
NMDA receptors and the differential ischemic vulnerability of hippocampal neurons
Gee, C. E., Benquet, P., Raineteau, O., Rietschin, L., Kirbach, S. W., & Gerber, U. R. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04786.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
De Haas, A. H., Boddeke, H. W. G. M., Brouwer, N., & Biber, K. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20554 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Retigabine and flupirtine exert neuroprotective actions in organotypic hippocampal cultures
Boscia, F., Annunziato, L., & Taglialatela, M. (2006) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.03.024 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Heppner, F. L., Skutella, T., Hailer, N. P., Haas, D., & Nitsch, R. (1998) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00379.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Altered Expression of CX3CL1 in Patients with Epilepsy and in a Rat Model
Xu, Y., Zeng, K., Han, Y., Wang, L., Chen, D., Xi, Z., Wang, H., Wang, X., & Chen, G. (2012) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.024 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Medzhitov, R. M. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni0710-551 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Mouse model for ablation of proliferating microgliain acute CNS injuries
Gowing, G., Vallières, L., & Julien, J. (2005) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20288 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Schauwecker, P. (2002) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.2002.8038 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Proteomic analysis of the anti‐inflammatory action of minocycline
Dunston, C. R., Griffiths, H. R., Lambert, P. A., Staddon, S., & Vernallis, A. B. (2010) · PROTEOMICS · doi:10.1002/pmic.201000273 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Deng, Y., Lü, J., Ling, E., & Kaur, C. (2008) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20790 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Wells, G., Catlin, G., Cossins, J. A., Mangan, M., Ward, G. A., Miller, K., & Clements, J. M. (1996) · Glia · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199612)18:4 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Jung, S., & Schwartz, M. (2012) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2012.00089 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Minocycline delays photoreceptor death in the rds mouse through a microglia-independent mechanism
Hughes, E. H., Schlichtenbrede, F. C., Murphy, C. C., Broderick, C. A., van Rooijen, N., Ali, R. R., & Dick, A. D. (2004) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2004.02.002 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
van Weering, H. R. J., Boddeke, H. W. G. M., Vinet, J., Brouwer, N., Haas, A. H. D., van Rooijen, N., Thomsen, A. R., & Biber, K. P. H. (2010) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20742 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kohl, A., Dehghani, F., Korf, H., & Hailer, N. P. (2003) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0014-4886(02)00049-3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Effects of TNF-α and IFN-γ on Nitric Oxide-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Mouse Brain
Blais, V., & Rivest, S. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.11.7043 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Montero, M., González, B., & Zimmer, J. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.097 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Zuurman, M. W., Heeroma, J. H., Brouwer, N., Boddeke, H. W. G. M., & Biber, K. P. H. (2003) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10156 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Regional distribution of neurotrophin receptors in the developing auditory brainstem
Hafidi, A., Moore, T., & Sanes, D. H. (1996) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960408)367:3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Fernández‐López, D., Faustino, J. V., Derugin, N., Wendland, M. F., Lizasoaín, I., Moro, M. Á., & Vexler, Z. S. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.01.008 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
DAP12 signaling: from immune cells to bone modeling and brain myelination
Colonna, M. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci17745 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Hashimoto, K., & Ishima, T. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015430 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Liposome Mediated Depletion of Macrophages: An Approach for Fundamental Studies
Buiting, A. M. J., & van Rooijen, N. (1994) · Journal of drug targeting · doi:10.3109/10611869408996810 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Direct protection of cultured neurons from ischemia-like injury by minocycline
Huang, W. C., Qiao, Y., Xu, L., Kacimi, R., Sun, X., Giffard, R. G., & Yenari, M. A. (2010) · Anatomy & Cell Biology · doi:10.5115/acb.2010.43.4.325 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Szeto, G. L., Pomerantz, J. L., Graham, D. R. M., & Clements, J. E. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.210518 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Osikowicz, M., Skup, M., Mika, J., Makuch, W., Czarkowska‐Bauch, J., & Przewłocka, B. (2009) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.09.002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Yi, M., Zhang, E., Kang, J. W., Shin, Y. N., Byun, J. Y., Oh, S., Seo, J. H., Lee, Y., & Kim, D. W. (2012) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2012.08.053 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Brain microglia: watchdogs with pedigree
Neumann, H., & Wekerle, H. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3338 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Nuclear factor kappa B-mediated kainate neurotoxicity in the rat and hamster hippocampus
Won, S. J., Ko, H. W., Kim, E. Y., Park, E. C., Huh, K. H., Jung, N. P., Choi, I., Oh, Y. K., Shin, H.-S., & Gwag, B. J. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00196-7 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Drábek, T., Janata, A., Jackson, E. K., End, B., Stezoski, J. P., Vagni, V., Janesko‐Feldman, K. L., Wilson, C. D., van Rooijen, N., Tisherman, S. A., et al. (2011) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.09.016 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effects of 56Fe radiation on hippocampal function in mice deficient in chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)
Raber, J., Allen, A. R., Rosi, S., Sharma, S., Dayger, C. A., Davis, M. J., & Fike, J. R. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Fendrick, S. E., Miller, K. R., & Streit, W. J. (2005) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.05.047 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ossola, B., Lantto, T. A., Puttonen, K. A., Tuominen, R. K., Raasmaja, A., & Männistö, P. T. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.22791 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cronberg, T., Jensen, K., Rytter, A., & Wieloch, T. W. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04235.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hughes, P. M., Botham, M. S., Frentzel, S., et al. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10037.abs · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Frotscher, M., Zafirov, S., & Heimrich, B. (1995) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(95)90872-h · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Domínguez, M. M., González, B., & Zimmer, J. (2009) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.023 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Protracted downregulation of CX3CR1 on microglia of aged mice after lipopolysaccharide challenge
Godbout, J. P., Wynne, A. M., Henry, C., Huang, Y., & Cleland, A. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.07.215 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
DAP12 signaling: from immune cells to bone modeling and brain myelination
Colonna, M. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200317745 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Editors' preface: Microglia—A new era dawns
Ransohoff, R. M., & Prinz, M. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22439 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Proteomic analysis of the anti‐inflammatory action of minocycline
Dunston, C. R., Griffiths, H. R., Lambert, P. A., Staddon, S., & Vernallis, A. B. (2011) · PROTEOMICS - CLINICAL APPLICATIONS · doi:10.1002/prca.201190042 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kang, J., & Rivest, S. (2008) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem2051oia1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist?
Ransohoff, R. M. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4338 · Cited by 1,573 · see citing works
The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain
Bellavance, M.-A., & Rivest, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00136 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
Chen, Z., & Trapp, B. D. (2015) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13062 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Streit, W. J., Xue, Q.-S., Tischer, J., & Bechmann, I. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-014-0142-6 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Microglial displacement of inhibitory synapses provides neuroprotection in the adult brain
Chen, Z., Jalabi, W., Hu, W., Park, H.-J., Gale, J. T., Kidd, G. J., Bernatowicz, R., Gossman, Z. C., Chen, J. T., Dutta, R., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5486 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
New Insights on <i>NOX</i> Enzymes in the Central Nervous System
Nayernia, Z., Jaquet, V., & Krause, K.-H. (2014) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2013.5703 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Hellwig, S., Brioschi, S., Dieni, S., Frings, L., Masuch, A., Blank, T., & Biber, K. (2016) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.008 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
The role of microglia and myeloid immune cells in acute cerebral ischemia
Benakis, C., García‐Bonilla, L., Iadecola, C., & Anrather, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00461 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Microglia: Housekeeper of the Central Nervous System
Kabba, J. A., Xu, Y., Christian, H., Ruan, W., Kitchen, C., Xiang, Y., Zhang, L., Saavedra, J. M., & Pang, T. (2017) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-017-0504-2 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Wang, X., Zhao, L., Zhang, J., Fariss, R. N., Ma, W., Kretschmer, F., Wang, M., Qian, H., Badea, T. C., Diamond, J. S., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3575-15.2016 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Microglia in Brain Development, Homeostasis, and Neurodegeneration
Bohlen, C. J., Friedman, B. A., Dejanovic, B., & Sheng, M. (2019) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-112618-043515 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Targeting Neuroinflammation to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease
Ardura-Fabregat, A., Boddeke, E., Boza‐Serrano, A., Brioschi, S., Castro‐Gomez, S., Ceyzériat, K., Dansokho, C., Dierkes, T., Gelders, G., Heneka, M. T., et al. (2017) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-017-0483-3 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
A somatic mutation in erythro-myeloid progenitors causes neurodegenerative disease
Mass, E., Jacome-Galarza, C. E., Blank, T., Lazarov, T., Durham, B. H., Ozkaya, N., Pastore, A., Schwabenland, M., Chung, Y. R., Rosenblum, M. K., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23672 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Microglia Are Irrelevant for Neuronal Degeneration and Axon Regeneration after Acute Injury
Hilla, A. M., Diekmann, H., & Fischer, D. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0584-17.2017 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Shieh, C., Heinrich, A., Serchov, T., van Calker, D., & Biber, K. (2014) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22628 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
The role of depressive subtypes within the neuroinflammation hypothesis of major depressive disorder
Woelfer, M., Kasties, V., Kahlfuss, S., & Walter, M. (2019) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.03.034 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Exosomes as Novel Regulators of Adult Neurogenic Niches
Bátiz, L. F., Castro, M. A., Burgos, P. V., Velásquez, Z. D., Muñoz, R. I., Lafourcade, C., Troncoso-Escudero, P., & Wyneken, Ú. (2016) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00501 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Microglial dysfunction connects depression and Alzheimer’s disease
Santos, L. E., Beckman, D., & Ferreira, S. T. (2016) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.011 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
What is microglia neurotoxicity (Not)?
Biber, K. P. H., Owens, T., & Boddeke, E. (2014) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22654 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Subramanian, J., Savage, J. C., & Tremblay, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.592607 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Béland, L.-C., Markovinovic, A., Jakovac, H., De Marchi, F., Bilic, E., Mazzini, L., Kriz, J., & Munitic, I. (2020) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa124 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Alfonso‐Loeches, S., Ureña‐Peralta, J. R., Morillo-Bargues, M. J., Gómez‐Pinedo, U., & Guerri, C. (2015) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-015-1760-5 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Loss of IL-10 Promotes Differentiation of Microglia to a M1 Phenotype
Laffer, B., Bauer, D., Wasmuth, S., Busch, M., Jalilvand, T. V., Thanos, S., Meyer zu Hörste, G., Loser, K., Langmann, T., Heiligenhaus, A., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00430 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Inflammatory Mediators in Mood Disorders: Therapeutic Opportunities
Pfau, M. L., Ménard, C., & Russo, S. J. (2017) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052823 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Lee, S. W., Vaccari, J. P. D. R., Truettner, J. S., Dietrich, W. D., & Keane, R. W. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1423-6 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Caruso, G., Caraci, F., & Jolivet, R. B. (2019) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.004 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Central nervous system myeloid cells as drug targets: current status and translational challenges
Biber, K. P. H., Möller, T., Boddeke, E., & Prinz, M. (2015) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2015.14 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Receptors, Ion Channels, and Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Microglial Dynamics
Madry, C., & Attwell, D. (2015) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.r115.637157 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Mesenchymal stem cells and the neuronal microenvironment in the area of spinal cord injury
Mukhamedshina, Y. O., Gracheva, O., Mukhutdinova, D. M., Chelyshev, Y.-U. A., & Rizvanov, A. A. (2018) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.244778 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Different Approaches to Modulation of Microglia Phenotypes After Spinal Cord Injury
Akhmetzyanova, E. R., Kletenkov, K., Mukhamedshina, Y. O., & Rizvanov, A. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2019.00037 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Inta, D., Lang, U. E., Borgwardt, S., Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., & Gass, P. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw088 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Modulating Inflammatory Cell Responses to Spinal Cord Injury: All in Good Time
Bowes, A. L., & Yip, P. K. (2014) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3429 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Post-Ischaemic Immunological Response in the Brain: Targeting Microglia in Ischaemic Stroke Therapy
Rawlinson, C., Jenkins, S. I., Thei, L., Dallas, M. L., & Chen, R. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10030159 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Hellwig, S., Masuch, A., Nestel, S., Katzmarski, N., Meyer-Luehmann, M., & Biber, K. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep14624 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Microglial Inflammasome Activation in Penetrating Ballistic-Like Brain Injury
Lee, S. W., Gajavelli, S., Spurlock, M. S., Andreoni, C. B., Vaccari, J. P. D. R., Bullock, M. R., Keane, R. W., & Dietrich, W. D. (2018) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5530 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Microglia in action: how aging and injury can change the brain’s guardians
Lourbopoulos, A. I., Ertürk, A., & Hellal, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00054 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Zhang, F., Nance, E. A., Alnasser, Y. S., Kannan, R. M., & Kannan, S. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0529-3 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Lee, J., Dimitry, J. M., Song, J. H., Son, M., Sheehan, P. W., King, M. W., Tabor, G. T., Goo, Y. A., Lazar, M. A., Petrucelli, L., et al. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40927-1 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Never-resting microglia: physiological roles in the healthy brain and pathological implications
Sierra, A., Tremblay, M., & Wake, H. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00240 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The origins and non-canonical functions of macrophages in development and regeneration
Théret, M., Mounier, R., & Rossi, F. M. V. (2019) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.156000 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Microglia toxicity in preterm brain injury
Baburamani, A. A., Supramaniam, V. G., Hagberg, H., & Mallard, C. E. (2014) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.04.002 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Masuch, A., Shieh, C., van Rooijen, N., van Calker, D., & Biber, K. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22904 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Microglia and Synapse: Interactions in Health and Neurodegeneration
Šišková, Z., & Tremblay, M.-È. (2013) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2013/425845 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Beier, E. E., Neal, M. P., Alam, G., Edler, M. K., Wu, L., & Richardson, J. R. (2017) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.009 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Quick, E., Leser, J., Clarke, P., & Tyler, K. (2014) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01994-14 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy and the Blood-Brain Barrier in Neonates
Lee, W. L. A., Michael-Titus, A. T., & Shah, D. K. (2017) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000467392 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Tools and Approaches for Studying Microglia In vivo
Eme‐Scolan, E., & Dando, S. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.583647 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Cantaut-Belarif, Y., Antri, M., Pizzarelli, R., Colasse, S., Vaccari, I., Soares, S., Renner, M., Dallel, R., Triller, A., & Bessis, A. (2017) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201607048 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Scheffold, A., Holtman, I. R., Dieni, S., Brouwer, N., Katz, S.-F., Jebaraj, B. M. C., Kahle, P. J., Hengerer, B., Lechel, A., Stilgenbauer, S., et al. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-016-0364-x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of microglia in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.
Xu, E., Liu, J., Liu, H., Wang, X., & Xiong, H. (2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Ueno, M., & Yamashita, T. (2014) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2014.02.004 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sierra, A., Díaz‐Aparicio, I., Beccari, S., & Abiega, O. (2016) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.193220 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Gargouri, B., Yousif, N. M., Bouchard, M., Fetoui, H., & Fiebich, B. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1198-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cyrino, L. A. R., de Lima, D. D., Ullmann, O. M., & Maia, T. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.609487 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
CX3CL1 (Fractalkine) Protein Expression in Normal and Degenerating Mouse Retina: In Vivo Studies
Zieger, M. V., Ahnelt, P. K., & Uhrín, P. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106562 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Microglia Function in the Normal Brain
Rommy von Bernhardi, M., Heredia, F., Salgado, N., & Muñoz, P. (2016) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40764-7_4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wellman, S. M., Cambi, F., & Kozai, T. D. Y. (2018) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.046 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sommer, D., Corstjens, I., Sanchez, S., Dooley, D., Lemmens, S., Broeckhoven, J. V., Bogie, J. F. J., Vanmierlo, T., Vidal, P. M., Rose‐John, S., et al. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.032 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Tremblay, M.-È. (2021) · Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100301 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Liang, Y., Feng, S., Qi, Y.-P., Li, K., Jin, Z., Jing, H., Liu, L., Cai, J., Xing, G., & Fu, K. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.026 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hiraga, S.-I., Itokazu, T., Hoshiko, M., Takaya, H., Nishibe, M., & Yamashita, T. (2020) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.131801 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Hong, T., Chen, F., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., & Cui, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.631827 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Suhail, H., Nematullah, M., Rashid, F., Sajad, M., Fatma, M., Singh, J., Zahoor, I., Cheung, W. L., Tiwari, N., Ayasolla, K., et al. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107921 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Patrolling monocytes play a critical role in CX3CR1-mediated neuroprotection during excitotoxicity
Bellavance, M., Gosselin, D., Yong, V. W., Stys, P. K., & Rivest, S. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0759-z · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Quick, E. D., Seitz, S., Clarke, P., & Tyler, K. L. (2017) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00569-17 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Astroglia-Microglia Cross Talk during Neurodegeneration in the Rat Hippocampus
Batlle, M., Ferri, L., Andrade, C., Ortega, F.-J., Vidal-Taboada, J. M., Pugliese, M., Mahy, N., & Rodríguez, M. J. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/102419 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sepulveda-Diaz, J. E., Ouidja, M. O., Socías, S. B., Hamadat, S., Guerreiro, S., Raisman‐Vozari, R., & Michel, P. P. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23032 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Menasria, R., Canivet, C., Piret, J., & Boivin, G. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145773 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Microglia replenished OHSC: A culture system to study in vivo like adult microglia
Masuch, A., van der Pijl, R., Füner, L., Wolf, Y., Eggen, B. J. L., Boddeke, E., & Biber, K. P. H. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Baud, O., & Saint-Faust, M. (2019) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000004032 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Richter, M., Vidovic, N., Biber, K. P. H., Dolga, A. M., Culmsee, C., & Dodel, R. C. (2019) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12807 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Tremblay, M., Marker, D. F., Puccini, J. M., Muly, E. C., Lu, S., & Gelbard, H. A. (2013) · Communicative & Integrative Biology · doi:10.4161/cib.27670 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Berki, P., Cserép, C., Környei, Z., Pósfai, B., Szabadits, E., Domonkos, A., Kellermayer, A., Nyerges, M., Wei, X., Módy, I., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49773-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Murana, E., Pagani, F., Basilico, B., Sundukova, M., Batti, L., Angelantonio, S. D., Cortese, B., Grimaldi, A., Francioso, A., Heppenstall, P. A., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04452-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Rodríguez, M. J., & Mahy, N. (2016) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867324666161123091314 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hupp, S., Grandgirard, D., Mitchell, T. J., Leib, S. L., Hathaway, L. J., & Iliev, A. I. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1491-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mizoguchi, Y., Ohgidani, M., Haraguchi, Y., Murakawa‐Hirachi, T., Kato, T. A., & Monji, A. (2021) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23996 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Small molecule therapeutics for neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegenerative disorders
Miller, S., & Blanco, M.-J. (2021) · RSC Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d1md00036e · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tremblay, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.628347 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Role of Microglial Depletion Approaches in Pathological Condition of CNS
Tahmasebi, F., & Barati, S. (2023) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-023-01326-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Prolonged lipopolysaccharide exposure induces transient immunosuppression in BV2 microglia
Twayana, K. S., Chaudhari, N. D., & Ravanan, P. (2018) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.27064 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Stroke research at the crossroads – where are we heading?
Roth, S., & Liesz, A. (2016) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2016.14329 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Morita, Y., Itokazu, T., Nakanishi, T., Hiraga, S.-I., & Yamashita, T. (2022) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-022-02623-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Unnisa, A., Greig, N. H., & Kamal, M. A. (2022) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666221221142743 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Chronic methamphetamine exposure significantly decreases microglia activation in the arcuate nucleus
Lloyd, S. A., Corkill, B., Bruster, M., Roberts, R. L., & Shanks, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.03.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Tsay, H.-J., Huang, Y., Huang, F.-L., Chen, C.-P., Tsai, Y.-C., Wang, Y.-H., Wu, M.-F., Chiang, F.-Y., & Shiao, Y. (2013) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/1423-0127-20-78 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Rong, X., Wei, F., Jiang, Y., Ma, Q., Wang, D., & Shen, J. (2024) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100736 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The importance of controlling in vitro oxygen tension to accurately model in vivo neurophysiology
Bordt, E. A. (2017) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2017.10.008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
González‐Fernández, C., González, P., González-Pérez, F., & Rodríguez, F. J. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12060708 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Jacques, M. T., Saso, L., & Farina, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032910 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Microglial and Caspase3 Activation in the Retina
Kovács‐Öller, T., Zempléni, R., Balogh, B., Szarka, G., Fazekas, B., Tengölics, Á. J., Amrein, K., Czeiter, E., Hernádi, I., Büki, A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054451 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Menasria, R., Canivet, C., Piret, J., Gosselin, J., & Boivin, G. (2017) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000667 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
General Pathophysiology of Microglia
Tremblay, M., & Verkhratsky, A. (2024) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Quagliato, L. A., & Nardi, A. E. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0318-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Microglia in neuropathology caused by protozoan parasites
Figarella, K., Wolburg, H., Garaschuk, O., & Duszenko, M. (2019) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12566 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Microglial reprogramming by Hv1 antagonism protects neurons from inflammatory and glutamate toxicity
Hernández-Espinosa, D. R., Gale, J. R., Scrabis, M. G., & Aizenman, E. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15760 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Behensky, A. A., Katnik, C. P., Yin, H., & Cuevas, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00414 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Activation of Mitochondrial Complex II-Dependent Respiration Is Beneficial for α-Synucleinopathies
Fröhlich, C., Zschiebsch, K., Gröger, V., Paarmann, K., Steffen, J., Thurm, C., Schropp, E.-M., Brüning, T., Gellerich, F. N., Radloff, M., et al. (2015) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-015-9399-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lee, S. H., & Suk, K. (2018) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2018.1465925 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Future Pharmacotherapy for Bipolar Disorders: Emerging Trends and Personalized Approaches
Marano, G., Lisci, F. M., Boggio, G., Marzo, E. M., Abate, F., Sfratta, G., Traversi, G., Mazza, O., Pola, R., Sani, G., et al. (2025) · Future Pharmacology · doi:10.3390/futurepharmacol5030042 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hellwig, S., Heinrich, A., & Biber, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Biber, Knut
- Venue
- Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 71-71
- ISSN
- 1662-5102 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3655268
- OpenAlex
- W2030448361
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 173
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 9.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (BI 668/2-2, BI 668/5-1, DFG BI 668/5-1)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- microglia, microglial neurotoxicity, microglial activation, microglial morphology, amoeboid microglia, neuroinflammation, brain disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review