Genes Whose Gain or Loss-Of-Function Increases Skeletal Muscle Mass in Mice: A Systematic Literature Review
Open accessAbstract
Skeletal muscle mass differs greatly in mice and humans and this is partially inherited. To identify muscle hypertrophy candidate genes we conducted a systematic review to identify genes whose experimental loss or gain-of-function results in significant skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. We found 47 genes that meet our search criteria and cause muscle hypertrophy after gene manipulation. They are from high to small effect size: Ski, Fst, Acvr2b, Akt1, Mstn, Klf10, Rheb, Igf1, Pappa, Ppard, Ikbkb, Fstl3, Atgr1a, Ucn3, Mcu, Junb, Ncor1, Gprasp1, Grb10, Mmp9, Dgkz, Ppargc1ɑ (specifically the Ppargc1ɑ4 isoform), Smad4, Ltbp4, Bmpr1a, Crtc2, XIAP, Dgat1, Thra, Adrb2, Asb15, Cast, Eif2b5, Bdkrb2, Tpt1, Nr3c1, Nr4a1, Gnas, Pld1, Crym, Camkk1, Yap1, Inhba, Tp53inp2, Inhbb, Nol3, Esr1. Knock out, knock down, overexpression or a higher activity of these genes causes overall muscle hypertrophy as measured by an increased muscle weight or cross sectional area. The mean effect sizes range from 5% to 345% depending on the manipulated gene as well as the muscle size variable and muscle investigated. Bioinformatical analyses reveal that Asb15, Klf10, Tpt1 are most highly expressed hypertrophy genes in human skeletal muscle when compared to other tissues. Many of the muscle hypertrophy-regulating genes are involved in transcription and ubiquitination. Especially genes belonging to three signalling pathways are able to induce hypertrophy: a) Igf-Akt1-mTOR pathway, b) myostatin-Smad signalling and c) the angiotensin-bradykinin signalling pathway. The expression of several muscle hypertrophy-inducing genes and the phosphorylation of their protein products changes after human resistance and high intensity exercise, in maximally stimulated mouse muscle or in overloaded mouse plantaris.
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Systematic search found that transgenesis of Mstn, Foxc2, Fst, Ccn5, Cpt1b, Hdac3, Insr, Steap4, Igfbp3, Tnfsf11, Inpp5k, and Nos2 affects both skeletal muscle glucose uptake and promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice, confirming an overlap of underlying regulatory mechanisms.
“We found that the transgenesis of Mstn, Foxc2, Fst, Ccn5, Cpt1b, Hdac3, Insr, Steap4, Igfbp3, Tnfsf11, Inpp5k, and Nos2 affects both skeletal muscle glucose uptake and promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice, confirming an overlap of the underlying regulatory mechanisms.”
From Effects of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy on Fat Mass and Glucose Homeostasis in Humans and Animals: A Narrative Review with Systematic Literature Search (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTransgenic mouse studies suggest that muscle size is a polygenic trait, with at least 47 genes whose gain or loss-of-function results in muscle hypertrophy in mice.
“Transgenic mouse studies suggest that muscle size is a polygenic trait, as there are at least 47 genes, whose gain or loss-of-function results in muscle hypertrophy in mice [32].”
From Effects of Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy on Fat Mass and Glucose Homeostasis in Humans and Animals: A Narrative Review with Systematic Literature Search (2025) · cites this paper as [32]
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“Transgenic mouse studies suggest that muscle size is a polygenic trait, as there are at least 47 genes, whose gain or loss-of-function results in muscle hypertrophy in mice [32].”
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Microbiota Alters Urinary Bladder Weight and Gene Expression
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Drosophila Models Reveal Properties of Mutant Lamins That Give Rise to Distinct Diseases
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Coding and Noncoding Genes Involved in Atrophy and Compensatory Muscle Growth in Nile Tilapia
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Self-citationMulti-Omics Profiling of Individuals Sustaining Extreme Physical Stressors
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Research Progress of Hippo-Yap/Taz Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy
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The E3 ligase HECTD1 controls skeletal muscle sarcomere and mitochondrial integrityPreprint
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Skeletal muscle biomass as an underappreciated fate of glucose
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- Authors
- Verbrugge, S. A. J., Schönfelder, M., Becker, L., Yaghoob Nezhad, F., Hrabě de Angelis, M., & Wackerhage, H.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Wackerhage, Henning
- Venue
- Frontiers in Physiology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-05-22
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 553-553
- ISSN
- 1664-042X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5992403
- OpenAlex
- W2802418035
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 0.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PuSH - Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01KX1012)
- Technische Universität München
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Physical Performance
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle hypertrophy, muscle mass, candidate genes, resistance training, muscle overload, transcriptional regulation, ubiquitination
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