About the Distinction between Working Memory and Short-Term Memory
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The theoretical concepts short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) have been used to refer to the maintenance and the maintenance plus manipulation of information, respectively. Although they are conceptually different, the use of the terms STM and WM in literature is not always strict. STM and WM are different theoretical concepts that are assumed to reflect different cognitive functions. However, correlational studies have not been able to separate both constructs consistently and there is evidence for a large or even complete overlap. The emerging view from neurobiological studies is partly different, although there are conceptual problems troubling the interpretation of findings. In this regard, there is a crucial role for the tasks that are used to measure STM or WM (simple and complex span tasks, respectively) and for the cognitive load reflected by factors like attention and processing speed that may covary between and within these tasks. These conceptual issues are discussed based on several abstract models for the relation between STM and WM.
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Span performance primarily reflects storage/maintenance, whereas updating reflects maintenance plus additional manipulation/control components.
“Latent-variable and theoretical evidence suggests that span performance primarily reflects storage/maintenance, whereas updating reflects maintenance plus additional manipulation/control components (Aben et al., 2012; Burgoyne et al., 2025).”
From The asymmetry of working memory training transfer: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Aben et al., 2012
In “Simple Span Versus Complex Span” (page unavailable), the paper describes simple span tasks as primarily involving maintenance and lists n-back among working-memory tasks involving maintenance and manipulation. It also says span tasks are not process-pure: complex spans add processing demands, so the claim that span performance generally reflects storage or maintenance is too broad. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cognitive operations and neural correlates of both span and updating paradigms are relatively well characterized.
“This design reduced conceptual heterogeneity and strengthened interpretability because the cognitive operations and neural correlates of both paradigms are relatively well characterized (Aben et al., 2012; Burgoyne et al., 2025).”
From The asymmetry of working memory training transfer: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Aben et al., 2012
The Simple Span Versus Complex Span section describes what span and n-back tasks require, and Neurobiological Findings discusses brain activity during memory tasks, including n-back. But the paper cautions that these tasks are not process-pure, that their underlying constructs are not well established, and that imaging findings are difficult to interpret. It therefore does not fully support the claim that the operations and neural correlates of both paradigms are relatively well characterized. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Frontoparietal Network Connectivity During an N-Back Task in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Revisiting Handwriting Fundamentals Through an Interdisciplinary Framework
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- Authors
- Aben, B., Stapert, S., & Blokland, A.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Aben, Bart
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 3
- Pages
- 301-301
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3425965
- OpenAlex
- W2158587692
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- working memory, short-term memory, information manipulation, cognitive load, attention, processing speed, conceptual distinction, neurobiological model
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