Neural mechanisms of interference control underlie the relationship between fluid intelligence and working memory span.
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Fluid intelligence (gF) and working memory (WM) span predict success in demanding cognitive situations. Recent studies show that much of the variance in gF and WM span is shared, suggesting common neural mechanisms. This study provides a direct investigation of the degree to which shared variance in gF and WM span can be explained by neural mechanisms of interference control. The authors measured performance and functional magnetic resonance imaging activity in 102 participants during the n-back WM task, focusing on the selective activation effects associated with high-interference lure trials. Brain activity on these trials was correlated with gF, WM span, and task performance in core brain regions linked to WM and executive control, including bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (middle frontal gyrus; BA9) and parietal cortex (inferior parietal cortex; BA 40/7). Interference-related performance and interference-related activity accounted for a significant proportion of the shared variance in gF and WM span. Path analyses indicate that interference control activity may affect gF through a common set of processes that also influence WM span. These results suggest that individual differences in interference-control mechanisms are important for understanding the relationship between gF and WM span.
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Brain imaging indicates overlapping activity in frontal and parietal regions, suggesting shared neural resources for working memory and fluid intelligence.
“neuroimaging evidence has demonstrated functional overlap in the lateral prefrontal and parietal cortices, implicating shared neural resources that underlie both constructs (Burgess, Gray, Conway, & Braver, 2011).”
From Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis (2015) · cites this paper as Burgess, Gray, Conway, & Braver, 2011
Fluid intelligence and n-back performance rely on overlapping cognitive and neural processes, including shared working memory and interference-resolution demands.
“On theoretical grounds, the observed improvements are plausible, since Gf and n-back performance draw upon overlapping cognitive and neural processes, including shared demands on WM and interference resolution (Burgess et al., 2011;Buschkuehl, Hernandez-Garcia, Jaeggi, Bernard, & Jonides, 2014;von Bastian & Oberauer, 2013).”
From Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis (2015) · cites this paper as Burgess et al., 2011
N-back is an updating task that shows a substantial correlation with higher-level cognitive measures, including Matrix Reasoning.
“One of the most common tasks used in these WM training studies is the N-back, an updating task that correlates significantly with measures of higher-level cognition, such as Matrix Reasoning20–24.”
From Near transfer to an unrelated N-back task mediates the effect of N-back working memory training on matrix reasoning (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
Distinct executive control strategies (proactive versus reactive) have been proposed to support cognitive flexibility.
“the adjustment of distinct executive control strategies (proactive versus reactive), which have been proposed to support cognitive flexibility2 (Braver et al., 2009; Burgess et al., 2011; Braver, 2012).”
From Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults (2016) · cites this paper as Burgess et al., 2011
The AX-CPT is widely used to explore the dynamic adjustment of cognitive control strategies and it has shown to be very sensitive to individual differences in cognitive control.
“The AX-CPT is widely used to explore the dynamic adjustment of cognitive control strategies and it has shown to be very sensitive to individual differences in cognitive control (Braver et al., 2009; Burgess et al., 2011; Braver, 2012).”
From Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults (2016) · cites this paper as Burgess et al., 2011
Previous data indicate notable correlations between n-back tasks and complex span tasks.
“This is despite previous data indicating notable correlations between n-back tasks and complex span tasks [57,58].”
From Dual N-back working memory training in healthy adults: A randomized comparison to processing speed training. (2016) · cites this paper as [57]
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Working memory’s workload capacity
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The role of proactive interference in working memory training and transfer
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What Is Fluid Intelligence? Can It Be Improved?
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- Authors
- Burgess, G. C., Gray, J. R., Conway, A. R. A., & Braver, T. S.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Princeton University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 674-692
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- PMC
- PMC3930174
- OpenAlex
- W2163420224
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 23.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 MH66088, RO1 MH66078)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- fluid intelligence, working memory span, interference control, shared variance, n-back task, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, executive function, individual differences, neural mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Individuality, Intelligence, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Parietal Lobe, Models, Statistical, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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