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Cited by 28Cognitive Abilities and TestingNeuroscience and Music PerceptionDiverse Music Education Insights

Selectively Enhanced Development of Working Memory in Musically Trained Children and Adolescents

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Saarikivi, Katri Annukka, Huotilainen, Minna, Tervaniemi, Mari, Putkinen, Vesa·2019·Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
DOI 10.3389/fnint.2019.00062PMC PMC6851266
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Abstract

In the current longitudinal study, we investigated the development of working memory in musically trained and nontrained children and adolescents, aged 9-20. We measured working memory with the Digit Span (DS) forwards and backwards tests (N=106) and the Trail-Making A and B (TMT-A and B) (N=104) tests three times, in 2011, 2013, and 2016. We expected that musically trained participants would outperform peers with no musical training. Indeed, we found that the younger musically trained participants in particular outperformed their nontrained peers in the TMT-A, TMT-B and DS forwards tests. These tests all primarily require active maintenance of a rule in memory or immediate recall. In contrast, we found no group differences in the backwards test that requires manipulation and updating of information in working memory. These results suggest that musical training is more strongly associated with heightened working memory capacity and maintenance than enhanced working memory updating, especially in late childhood and early adolescence.

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  • These findings convincingly refute all the theories claiming that music training causes improvements in any domain-general cognitive skill or academic achievement.

    “We can thus conclude that these findings convincingly refute all the theories claiming that music training causes improvements in any domain-general cognitive skill or academic achievement (e.g., Moreno et al., 2011; Patel, 2011; Saarikivi et al., 2019; Tierney & Kraus, 2013).”

    From Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Saarikivi et al., 2019

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Authors
Saarikivi, K. A., Huotilainen, M., Tervaniemi, M., & Putkinen, V.
Affiliations
University of Helsinki (FI)
Corresponding author
Saarikivi, Katri Annukka
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2019-11-06
Volume
13
Pages
62-62
ISSN
1662-5145 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fnint.2019.00062
PMC
PMC6851266
OpenAlex
W2985051805
Cited by
28
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3
FWCI
3.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
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Locations
  • Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Academy of Finland
  • Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
  • Jenny ja Antti Wihurin Rahasto
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Music › Diverse Music Education Insights
Keywords
working memory, musical training, children, adolescents, cognitive development, rule maintenance, working memory updating, digit span, Trail Making Test, longitudinal development

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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