An investigation of working memory deficits in depression using the n-back task: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background Depression is associated with cognitive deficits across multiple domains, including working memory. The n-back task, a convenient psychometric tool capable of computerised delivery and concurrent use with neuroimaging, can provide enhanced insight into working memory dysfunction in depression. This meta-analysis sought to investigate the n-back task under varying cognitive load conditions (i.e. different levels of 'n') to clarify the pattern of working memory deficits in depression.Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies involving unipolar depressed participants and matched controls utilising the n-back task. Meta-analyses were performed for accuracy and response times at four levels of cognitive load (0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-back).Results 31 studies (total 1,666 participants) met inclusion criteria and were included for quantitative analyses. Depressed individuals had significantly reduced accuracy compared to controls for 1-, 2-, and 3-back tasks, but not the attentional 0-back task. Likewise, response latencies were prolonged for all task levels (0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-back). Additional meta-regression analyses indicated that participant age and clinical status (i.e. inpatient/outpatient) may exacerbate working memory deficits associated with depression.Limitations Our results indicate high levels of heterogeneity between studies, particularly for response times.Conclusions Accuracy impairments were worse at higher levels of n, with the largest effect size obtained on the 2-back task, suggesting deficits to higher executive functions. Response times were consistently prolonged at all cognitive loads in agreement with a pattern of generalised psychomotor retardation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Selective attention, interference processing, and working memory are cognitive domains all impacted in depression.
“cognitive domains that are all impacted in depression [93–96]”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [94]
The Discussion (page not provided) reports working-memory deficits in depression at higher n-back task loads. It says attentional subprocesses were relatively preserved in this analysis, while acknowledging other meta-analyses that found attentional impairments. The paper does not establish an impairment in interference processing, so it does not support all three domains as stated. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,706 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859 · see citing works
ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions
Sterne, J. A., Hernán, M. A., Reeves, B. C., Savović, J., Berkman, N. D., Viswanathan, M., Henry, D., Altman, D. G., Ansari, M. T., Boutron, I., et al. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i4919 · Cited by 20,329 · see citing works
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099 · see citing works
Diamond, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 · Cited by 13,268 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM)
Leong, F. T. L. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412963978.n182 · Cited by 10,858 · see citing works
Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample
Hozo, S. P., Djulbegovic, B., & Hozo, I. (2005) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-5-13 · Cited by 9,062 · see citing works
McGuinness, L. A., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2021) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1411 · Cited by 5,579 · see citing works
Working memory: Looking back and looking forward
Baddeley, A. (2003) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1201 · Cited by 5,200 · see citing works
Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis
Sterne, J. A. C., & Egger, M. (2001) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00377-8 · Cited by 3,779 · see citing works
N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies.
Owen, A. M., McMillan, K. M., Laird, A. R., & Bullmore, E. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20131 · Cited by 3,560 · see citing works
Kaiser, R. H., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Wager, T. D., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0071 · Cited by 2,281 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Rock, P. L., Roiser, J. P., Riedel, W. J., & Blackwell, A. D. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002535 · Cited by 2,161 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of working memory:
Wager, T. D., & Smith, E. E. (2003) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.3.4.255 · Cited by 1,889 · see citing works
Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information.
Kirchner, W. K. (1958) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043688 · Cited by 1,798 · see citing works
Snyder, H. R. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0028727 · Cited by 1,667 · see citing works
Mayberg, H. S. (2003) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/65.1.193 · Cited by 1,166 · see citing works
Cancer and fertility preservation: international recommendations from an expert meeting
Lambertini, M., Mastro, L. D., Pescio, M. C., Andersen, C. Y., Azim, H. A., Peccatori, F. A., Costa, M., Revelli, A., Salvagno, F., Gennari, A., et al. (2016) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0545-7 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
A review on cognitive impairments in depressive and anxiety disorders with a focus on young adults
Castaneda, A. E., Tuulio‐Henriksson, A., MARTTUNEN, M. J., Suvisaari, J., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.06.006 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Structural and transport properties of ammonia along the principal Hugoniot
Li, D., Wang, C., Yan, J. F., Fu, Z., & Zhang, P. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12429-w · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Cognitive function following a major depressive episode: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Semkovska, M., Quinlivan, L., O'Grady, T., Johnson, R., Collins, A., O'Connor, J., Knittle, H., Ahern, E., & Gload, T. (2019) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30291-3 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Cognitive control and brain resources in major depression: An fMRI study using the n-back task
Harvey, P.-O., Fossati, P., Pochon, J.-B., Levy, R., LeBastard, G., Lehéricy, S., Allilaire, J.-F., & Dubois, B. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.048 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Brunoni, A. R., Chaimani, A., Moffa, A. H., Razza, L. B., Gattaz, W. F., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Carvalho, A. F. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3644 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention and executive functions in remitted major depression patients
Paelecke-Habermann, Y., Pohl, J., & Leplow, B. (2005) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.09.006 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Sweeney, J. A., Kmiec, J. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00910-0 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Cognitive impairment in major depression
Marazziti, D., Consoli, G., Picchetti, M., Carlini, M., & Faravelli, L. (2010) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.046 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Weir, C. J., Butcher, I., Assi, V., Lewis, S. C., Murray, G. D., Langhorne, P., & Brady, M. (2018) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-018-0483-0 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Sheline, Y. I., Barch, D. M., Garcia, K., Gersing, K., Pieper, C., Welsh-Bohmer, K., Steffens, D. C., & Doraiswamy, P. M. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.019 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Psychomotor retardation in depression: Biological underpinnings, measurement, and treatment
Close, J. S., McClintock, S. M., & Croarkin, P. E. (2010) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.10.019 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
The role of cognitive impairment in general functioning in major depression
Baune, B. T., Miller, R., McAfoose, J., Johnson, M., Quirk, F., & Mitchell, D. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.12.001 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Executive functions and updating of the contents of working memory in unipolar depression
Harvey, P. O., Le Bastard, G., Pochon, J. B., Levy, R., Allilaire, J. F., Dubois, B., & Fossati, P. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2004.03.003 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Cognitive disturbance in outpatient depressed younger adults: evidence of modest impairment
Grant, M. M., Thase, M. E., & Sweeney, J. A. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01072-6 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Pattern of impaired working memory during major depression
Rose, E. J., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.11.003 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Evidence for continuing neuropsychological impairments in depression
Weiland-Fiedler, P., Erickson, K., Waldeck, T., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Pike, D., Bonne, O., Charney, D. S., & Neumeister, A. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.10.009 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
A quantitative review of cognitive deficits in depression and Alzheimer-type dementia
Christensen, H. M., Griffiths, K. M., Mackinnon, A. J., & Jacomb, P. A. (1997) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617797006310 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Barch, D. M., Sheline, Y. I., Csernansky, J. G., & Snyder, A. Z. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01674-8 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Wagner, G., Sinsel, E., Sobanski, T., Köhler, S., Marinou, V., Mentzel, H.-J., Sauer, H., & Schlösser, R. G. M. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.025 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
About the Distinction between Working Memory and Short-Term Memory
Aben, B., Stapert, S., & Blokland, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00301 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Vascular depression consensus report – a critical update
Aizenstein, H. J., Baskys, A., Boldrini, M., Butters, M. A., Diniz, B. S., Jaiswal, M. K., Jellinger, K. A., Kruglov, L. S., Meshandin, I. A., Mijajlovic, M. D., et al. (2016) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0720-5 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Matsuo, K., Glahn, D. C., Peluso, M. A. M., Hatch, J. P., Monkul, E. S., Najt, P., Sanches, M., Zamarripa, F., Li, J., Lancaster, J. L., et al. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001894 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Updating positive and negative stimuli in working memory in depression
Levens, S. M., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0020283 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Bennabi, D., Vandel, P., Papaxanthis, C., Pozzo, T., & Haffen, É. (2013) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2013/158746 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
The impact of clinical depression on working memory
Christopher, G., & Macdonald, J. B. (2005) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800444000128 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, P. B., Srithiran, A., Mendieta, J. B., Daskalakis, Z., Oxley, T. J., Kulkarni, J., & Egan, G. F. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20414 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Prevalence of cognitive impairment in major depression and bipolar disorder
Douglas, K. M., Gallagher, P., Robinson, L. J., Carter, J. D., McIntosh, V. V., Frampton, C. M., Watson, S., Young, A. H., Ferrier, I. N., & Porter, R. J. (2018) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12602 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Walsh, N., Williams, S., Brammer, M. J., Bullmore, E. T., Kim, J., John Suckling, A., Mitterschiffthaler, M. T., Cleare, A. J., Pich, E. M., Mehta, M. A., et al. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.022 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Bertocci, M. A., Bebko, G. M., Mullin, B. C., Langenecker, S. A., Ladouceur, C. D., Almeida, J., & Phillips, M. L. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171100242x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Reduced default mode network suppression during a working memory task in remitted major depression
Bartova, L., Meyer, B. M., Diers, K., Rabl, U., Scharinger, C., Popovic, A., Pail, G., Kalcher, K., Boubela, R. N., Huemer, J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.025 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Walter, H., Wolf, R. C., Spitzer, M., & Vasic, N. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.11.017 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Kerestes, R., Ladouceur, C. D., Meda, S., Nathan, P. J., Blumberg, H. P., Maloney, K., Ruf, B., Saricicek, A., Pearlson, G. D., Bhagwagar, Z., et al. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711001097 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Working memory in clinical depression: an experimental study
Channon, S., Baker, J. E., & Robertson, M. M. (1993) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700038873 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Aging and n-Back Performance: A Meta-Analysis
Bopp, K. L., & Verhaeghen, P. (2018) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gby024 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Pu, S., Yamada, T., Yokoyama, K., Matsumura, H., Kobayashi, H., Sasaki, N., Mitani, H., Adachi, A., Kaneko, K., & Nakagome, K. (2011) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2011.01.001 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Rodríguez‐Cano, E., Sarró, S., Monté, G. C., Maristany, T., Salvador, R. M., McKenna, P. J., & Pomarol‐Clotet, E. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714000841 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Neural correlates during working memory processing in major depressive disorder
Wang, X.-L., Du, M.-Y., Chen, T.-L., Chen, Z.-Q., Huang, X.-Q., Luo, Y., Zhao, Y.-J., Kumar, P., & Gong, Q.-Y. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.011 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Aberrant Brain Activation During a Working Memory Task in Psychotic Major Depression
Garrett, A. S., Kelly, R., Gomez, R. G., Keller, J., Schatzberg, A. F., & Reiss, A. L. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09121718 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Li, Y., Kang, C., Wei, Z., Qu, X., Liu, T., Zhou, Y., & Hu, Y. S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18306-w · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Working‐memory fMRI reveals cingulate hyperactivation in euthymic major depression
Schöning, S., Zwitserlood, P., Engelien, A., Behnken, A., Kugel, H., Schiffbauer, H., Lipina, K., Pachur, C., Kersting, A., Dannlowski, U., et al. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20702 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Research Paper: Executive Functions in Students With Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Symptoms
Ajilchi, B., & Nejati, V. (2017) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.3.223 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Corlier, J., Wilson, A. C., Hunter, A. M., Vince-Cruz, N., Krantz, D. E., Levitt, J. G., Minzenberg, M., Ginder, N. D., Cook, I. A., & Leuchter, A. F. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz035 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Moreno, M. L., Vanderhasselt, M.-A., Carvalho, A. F., Moffa, A. H., Lotufo, P. A., Benseñor, I. M., & Brunoni, A. R. (2015) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.02.036 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationBasak, C., & Verhaeghen, P. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr028 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Pu, S., Yamada, T., Yokoyama, K., Matsumura, H., Mitani, H., Adachi, A., Kaneko, K., & Nakagome, K. (2012) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.01.007 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Heart rate variability during motor and cognitive tasks in females with major depressive disorder
Nugent, A. C., Bain, E. E., Thayer, J. F., Sollers, J. J., & Drevets, W. C. (2011) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.013 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Differential failure to deactivate the default mode network in unipolar and bipolar depression
Rodríguez‐Cano, E., Alonso-Lana, S., Sarró, S., Fernández‐Corcuera, P., Goikolea, J. M., Vieta, E., Maristany, T., Salvador, R. M., McKenna, P. J., & Pomarol‐Clotet, E. (2017) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12517 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Neural correlates of working memory in first episode and recurrent depression: An fMRI study
Yüksel, D., Dietsche, B., Konrad, C., Dannlowski, U., Kircher, T. T. J., & Krug, A. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.02.003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Borkowska, A., Dróżdż, W., Jurkowski, P., & RYBAKOWSKI, J. K. (2008) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970701557985 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Revealing negative thinking in recovered major depression: A preliminary investigation
Watkins, E. R., & Moulds, M. L. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.05.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Gärtner, M., Ghisu, M. E., Scheidegger, M., Bönke, L., Fan, Y., Stippl, A., Herrera-Melendez, A.-L., Metz, S., Winnebeck, E., Fissler, M., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0081-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Impaired Working Memory Updating for Emotional Stimuli in Depressed Patients
Zhang, D., Xie, H., He, Z., Wei, Z., & Gu, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00065 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Normal aging modulates prefrontoparietal networks underlying multiple memory processes
Sambataro, F., Safrin, M., Lemaître, H., Steele, S. U., Das, S. B., Callicott, J. H., Weinberger, D. R., & Mattay, V. S. (2012) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08254.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sandström, A., Säll, R., Peterson, J., Salami, A., Larsson, A., Olsson, T., & Nyberg, L. H. (2012) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2011.646347 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Shan, Y., Jia, Y., Zhong, S., Li, X., Zhao, H., Chen, J., Lu, Q., Zhang, L., Li, Z., Lai, S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.030 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Attention and Working Memory in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Functional MRI Study
Rahko, J. S., Vuontela, V., Carlson, S., Nikkinen, J., Hurtig, T. M., Kuusikko‐Gauffin, S., Mattila, M., Jussila, K. K., Remes, J. J., Jansson-Verkasalo, E. M., et al. (2015) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0583-6 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Neurocognitive subgroups in major depressive disorder
Martin, D. M., Wollny-Huttarsch, D., Nikolin, S., McClintock, S. M., Alonzo, A., Lisanby, S. H., & Loo, C. K. (2020) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000626 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationNikolin, S., Tan, Y. Y., Martin, D. M., Moffa, A. H., Loo, C. K. A., & Boonstra, T. W. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.083 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive control over emotional information in current and remitted depression
Quigley, L., Wen, A., & Dobson, K. S. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103658 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Impaired Working Memory in Geriatric Depression: An fMRI Study
Dumas, J. A., & NEWHOUSE, P. A. (2014) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.09.011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Norbury, R., Godlewska, B. R., & Cowen, P. J. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001682 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Förster, K., Jörgens, S., Air, T., Bürger, C., Enneking, V., Redlich, R., Zaremba, D., Grotegerd, D., Dohm, K., Meinert, S. L., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.046 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nord, C. L., Halahakoon, D. C., Lally, N., Limbachya, T., Pilling, S., & Roiser, J. P. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.022 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nikolin, S., Martin, D. M., Loo, C. K. A., Iacoviello, B. M., & Boonstra, T. W. (2019) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14656 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationGoodin, P., Lamp, G., Hughes, M. E., Rossell, S. L., & Ciorciari, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00060 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Nikolin, S., Chand, N., Martin, D. M., Rushby, J. A., Loo, C. K. A., & Boonstra, T. W. (2022) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100077 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationWorking memory in recurrent brief depression: An fMRI pilot study
Korsnes, M. S., Lövdahl, H., Andersson, S., Bjørnerud, A., Due‐Tønnessen, P., Endestad, T., & Malt, U. F. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.02.017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nikolin, S., Tan, Y. Y., Martin, D. M., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/h8dmr · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Nikolin, S., Chand, N., Martin, D., Rushby, J., Loo, C., Boonstra, T., 2020a. EEG correlates of affective processing in major depressive disorder. medRxiv.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nan, J., Purpura, S., Jaiswal, S., Afshar, H., Maric, V., Manchanda, J. K., Taylor, C. T., Ramanathan, D., & Mishra, J. (2026) · NPP—Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s44277-026-00062-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nikolin, S., Tan, Y. Y., Schwaab, A., Moffa, A., Loo, C. K., & Martin, D.
- Affiliations
- Black Dog Institute (AU)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Nikolin, Stevan
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-04
- Volume
- 284
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3127757974
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 4.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depression, working memory deficits, n-back task, cognitive load, response latency, response accuracy, executive function, psychomotor retardation, major depressive disorder, age effects
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Depression, Humans, Memory Disorders, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
