CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 9Knee injuries and reconstruction techniquesSport Psychology and PerformanceMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 22 of the 49 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

The relationship between psychological readiness to return to sport and kinesiophobia in teens and young adults after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Open access
Butler, Lauren, Baez, Shelby, Walker, Cody, Roman, Dylan, Douthit, Taylor, Kuenze, Christopher, Ulman, Sophia, ARROW·2025·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1623398PMC PMC12549314
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Introduction: Psychological readiness and kinesiophobia are important variables to consider for return to sport clearance after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Both have been associated in adult populations; however, it is unknown if they are associated in teens after ACL reconstruction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between psychological readiness and kinesiophobia in teens and young adults after ACL reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective cohort design was used. Participants aged 13–30 years, who were 6–12 months post-ACL reconstruction, who completed the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia and the ACL Return-to-Sport after Injury Scale were included from a multi-site registry. Two age groups were established (teen: <19 years, adult: ≥19 years), and psychological readiness was categorized using an ACL Return-to-Sport after Injury Scale cutoff of 77 (<77 = unacceptable). Independent samples t-tests, Pearson correlations, and binary logistic regression were performed to examine associations between kinesiophobia and psychological readiness, and the influences of age, sex, and months since surgery. Results: 315 participants (54.3% female; 18.3 ± 3.3 years; 8.2 ± 1.9 months post-surgery) were analyzed. ACL Return-to-Sport after Injury Scale and Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia scores were significantly correlated in both groups (teen: r = −0.59, p < 0.001; adult: r = −0.45, p < 0.001), with no significant difference in the correlation coefficients (z = −1.49). Overall, 47.9% scored below the ACL Return-to-Sport after Injury pass threshold. Each one-point increase in kinesiophobia was associated with a 28% higher likelihood of reporting unacceptable psychological readiness. Adults were twice as likely as teens to report unacceptable psychological readiness. Discussion: Greater psychological readiness was associated with lower kinesiophobia in both teens and young adults. Additionally, nearly half reported poor psychological readiness, highlighting the need for interventions aimed at improving psychological readiness during ACL rehabilitation.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a multisite retrospective cohort of 315 teens and young adults 6–12 months after primary ACL reconstruction, greater psychological readiness (ACL-RSI) was inversely correlated with kinesiophobia (TSK-11) in both age groups. Nearly half (47.9%) scored below the ACL-RSI readiness threshold, and each one-point higher TSK-11 score was associated with 28% greater odds of unacceptable readiness.

Key findings

  • ACL-RSI and TSK-11 scores were significantly correlated in teens (r = −0.59, p < 0.001) and adults (r = −0.45, p < 0.001), with no significant difference between the correlation coefficients (z = −1.49).
  • Overall, 47.9% scored below the ACL-RSI cutoff of 77; participants with unacceptable readiness had higher kinesiophobia (20.97 ± 4.72) than those with acceptable readiness (16.14 ± 3.92, p < 0.001, d = 2.81).
  • In logistic regression, each one-point increase in TSK-11 was associated with 28% higher odds of unacceptable ACL-RSI (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.20–1.36); adults were twice as likely as teens to report unacceptable readiness (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.11–3.61). Sex and months since surgery were not significant covariates.
  • Teens reported greater psychological readiness (mean difference 14.0, p < 0.001, d = 0.64) and lower kinesiophobia (mean difference 1.6, p = 0.007, d = 0.32) than adults; no sex differences were found in ACL-RSI or TSK-11 scores.

Methods

  • Retrospective cohort from the ARROW multisite registry; 315 participants aged 13–30 years, 6–12 months after primary ACLR (2013–2021), who completed the ACL-RSI and TSK-11. Exclusions were missing either questionnaire or history of contralateral/ipsilateral ACLR.
  • Age groups were teen (<19 years; 72.7%) and adult (≥19 years; 27.4%); ACL-RSI cutoff of 77 defined unacceptable psychological readiness.
  • Analyses included independent samples t-tests, Pearson correlations with Fisher’s z and Bonferroni correction (p < 0.010 for five correlations), and binary logistic regression with sex, age group, and months since surgery as covariates.

Limitations

  • Stated: the teen group was older (mean 16.7 ± 1.3 years), limiting generalizability to younger children/early teens; multi-site rehabilitation protocols were not controlled; concomitant surgical procedures and surgical characteristics were not considered; registry limitations meant no actual return-to-sport outcomes, prior sports participation, or desire to RTS were captured; only total ACL-RSI scores were available, not subscales.
  • Evident from the text: the retrospective registry design cannot establish causality between kinesiophobia and psychological readiness, and the lack of actual RTS outcomes makes clinical implications for return-to-sport clearance indirect.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1623398

Cites

50 of 50 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

22 of 49 cited sources checked · 11 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Thorolfsson et al. (2023) reported a mean ACL-RSI score of 71 in a group of 347 adolescents with a mean age of 17.1 years at a similar post-operative timepoint.

    “This trend is corroborated by the work of Thorolfsson et al. (2023) who reported a mean ACL-RSI score of 71 in a group of 347 adolescents with a mean age of 17.1 years at a similar post-operative timepoint (Thorolfsson et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Thorolfsson et al., 2023 source

      Table 2 (Results; page not provided) identifies 347 adolescents with a mean age of 17.1 years. Table 4 (Results, Patient-reported outcome measurements; page not provided) reports a mean ACL-RSI score of 71.0 at eight months, but only 243 adolescents contributed ACL-RSI scores at that follow-up, not all 347. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationcitation

    The findings align with previous studies in adult populations aged 16 to 40 years that reported associations between psychological readiness and kinesiophobia.

    “These findings align with previous studies in adult populations aged 16 to 40 years, which have reported associations between psychological readiness and kinesiophobia (Sheridan et al., 2014; Lentz et al., 2015; Sonesson et al., 2017; Isaji et al., 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Sheridan et al., 2014 source
    • cites Lentz et al., 2015 source
    • cites Sonesson et al., 2017 source

      The Methods report participants aged 15–45, rather than a population restricted to ages 16–40. The Questionnaires section describes measures of expectations, motivation, satisfaction, and knee function; although the Discussion mentions psychological readiness, the passages found do not report an association between it and kinesiophobia (searched: kinesiophobia, fear of movement, fear of re-injury). (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    An athlete's psychological readiness is associated with their ability to return to sport after ACL reconstruction.

    “In the context of ACLR, it has been well documented that an athlete’s psychological readiness is associated with their ability to RTS (Ardern et al., 2014; Czuppon et al., 2014; Fones et al., 2020; Welling et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ardern et al., 2014 source
    • cites Czuppon et al., 2014 source

      The Results (Psychological Variables) report associations between return to sport after ACL reconstruction and kinesiophobia and athletic confidence, supporting the core claim. The review calls the evidence weak, however, and the Discussion says few studies met its criteria; this does not support the citing sentence’s stronger description of the association as “well documented.” (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Fones et al., 2020 source
  • Premisecitation

    Patients with high kinesiophobia (TSK-11 ≥19) at the time of return to sport were 13 times more likely to suffer a graft rupture within 20 years of return to sport compared to those with lower kinesiophobia.

    “The same authors reported that patients with high kinesiophobia (TSK-11 score of 19 or greater) at the time of RTS were 13 times more likely to suffer a graft rupture within 20 years of RTS compared to those with lower kinesiophobia (Paterno et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Paterno et al., 2018 source

      The Results report that patients with TSK-11 scores ≥19 at return to sport were 13 times more likely to suffer an ipsilateral second ACL tear. The reported follow-up period was 24 months, not 20 years. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Kinesiophobia has been identified as a contributing factor for failure to return to sport.

    “Finally, kinesiophobia has been identified by many as a contributing factor for failure to RTS (Ardern et al., 2013; Lentz et al., 2015; Nwachukwu et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Ardern et al., 2013 source
    • cites Lentz et al., 2015 source
    • cites Nwachukwu et al., 2019 source
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 15
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 15
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Kinesiophobia has been identified as a barrier to return to sport and a predictor of poor outcomes after ACL reconstruction in youth athletes.

    “Kinesiophobia, often described as pain-related fear, fear of movement, and/or fear of reinjury, has also been identified as a barrier to RTS and a predictor of poor outcomes after ACLR in youth athletes (Lundberg et al., 2011; DiSanti et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lundberg et al., 2011 source

      The Introduction defines kinesiophobia in terms of fear of movement and reinjury, and the References list a study titled “Fear of re-injury: a hindrance for returning to sports after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.” The review does not report that kinesiophobia predicts poor outcomes after ACL reconstruction in youth athletes; that population and predictive claim are unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites DiSanti et al., 2018 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Significant negative correlations have been reported between ACL-RSI and TSK-11, ranging from weak to strong, suggesting that greater psychological readiness to return to sport may be associated with lower kinesiophobia.

    “Significant negative correlations have been reported between the ACL-RSI and the TSK-11, ranging from weak to strong, suggesting that greater psychological readiness to RTS may be associated with lower kinesiophobia (Kvist et al., 2013; Harput et al., 2017; Slagers et al., 2017; Sala-Barat et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Kvist et al., 2013 source
    • cites Harput et al., 2017 source
    • cites Slagers et al., 2017 source

      The Construct validity section reports a moderate negative correlation between ACL-RSI(NL) and TSK (r = −0.46), consistent with greater readiness being associated with less fear of movement. However, the Questionnaires section specifies that this study used a 17-item TSK, not TSK-11; it also reports one moderate correlation, not a range from weak to strong. The available correlation passage does not state a p-value. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Higher kinesiophobia is associated with decreased hop performance, reduced quadriceps strength, and increased risk of second injury in youth athletes after ACL reconstruction.

    “Higher kinesiophobia has also been associated with decreased hop performance, reduced quadriceps strength, and increased risk of second injury in youth athletes after ACLR (Paterno et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Paterno et al., 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The ACL-RSI and TSK-11 are commonly used to assess psychological readiness and kinesiophobia after ACL reconstruction, respectively.

    “The Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Return to Sport After Injury Scale (ACL-RSI) and the TSK-11 are commonly used to assess psychological readiness and kinesiophobia after ACLR, respectively (Woby et al., 2005; Webster et al., 2008; Webster and Feller, 2018; Cirrincione et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Woby et al., 2005 source
    • cites Webster et al., 2008 source
    • cites Webster and Feller, 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Prior works have reported an interaction between the social environment and an athlete's motivation.

    “This has been highlighted in prior works which have reported an interaction between the social environment and an athlete’s motivation (Podlog and Eklund, 2006; Hildingsson et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Podlog and Eklund, 2006 source
    • cites Hildingsson et al., 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The average age of pubertal onset is reported at 10.8 years in females versus 12.9 years in males.

    “The average age of pubertal onset is reported at 10.8 years in females versus 12.9 years in males (Aris et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Aris et al., 2022 source

      The Results report 10.8 years for girls and 12.9 years for boys, but those figures are ages at peak height velocity (APHV), not directly measured ages of pubertal onset. The Methods (Primary Outcome) describe APHV as a marker of pubertal timing, so the claim preserves the numbers and sex comparison while treating a marker as the onset age itself. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Across the cohort, the total ACL-RSI and TSK-11 scores averaged 73.42 ± 22.68 and 18.50 ± 4.92, respectively.

    “Across the cohort, the total ACL-RSI and TSK-11 scores averaged 73.42 ± 22.68 and 18.50 ± 4.92, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    A total of 315 participants (54.3% female; 72.7% teens; 18.3 ± 3.3 years; 8.2 ± 1.9 months from surgery) were included for analysis.

    “A total of 315 participants (54.3% female; 72.7% teens; 18.3 ± 3.3 years; 8.2 ± 1.9 months from surgery) were included for analysis (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Greater kinesiophobia is associated with unacceptable psychological readiness (ACL-RSI <77) in patients 6-12 months after ACL reconstruction (Χ2(4) = 89.87, p < 0.001).

    “the logistic regression indicated that a greater kinesiophobia was associated with an unacceptable psychological readiness (Χ2(4) = 89.87, p < 0.001; Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation

    The mean ACL-RSI score was 73.4.

    “with a mean ACL-RSI score of 73.4 (McPherson et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Significant age group differences were found in both ACL-RSI and TSK-11 scores, with teens reporting greater psychological readiness and reduced kinesiophobia compared to adults.

    “significant age group differences were found in both ACL-RSI (mean difference: 14.0, p < 0.001, d = 0.64) and TSK-11 (mean difference: 1.6, p = 0.007, d = 0.32), with teens reporting overall greater psychological readiness and reduced levels of kinesiophobia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The outcomes of psychological readiness and kinesiophobia (ACL-RSI and TSK-11) were captured via standardized questionnaires and thus consistent across sites.

    “However, the outcomes of psychological readiness and kinesiophobia (ACL-RSI and TSK-11) analyzed in the current study were captured via standardized questionnaires and thus consistent across sites.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    A Bonferroni correction was applied to account for multiple comparisons across the five correlations, adjusting the significance threshold to p < 0.010.

    “A Bonferroni correction was applied to account for multiple comparisons across the five correlations, adjusting the significance threshold to p < 0.010.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Lower psychological readiness at the time of return to sport is associated with a higher risk of recurrent ACL injuries in athletes aged 20 years and younger, while no such relationship has been reported in athletes over the age of 20.

    “Moreover, lower psychological readiness at the time of RTS has been associated with a higher risk of recurrent ACL injuries in athletes aged 20 years and younger, while no such relationship has been reported in athletes over the age of 20 (McPherson et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McPherson et al., 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductown data

    Due to registry limitations, the study team only had access to the total ACL-RSI scores.

    “Lastly, due to registry limitations, the study team only had access to the total ACL-RSI scores.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Differences in perceptions of re-injury related risk between males and females may be an influential factor on return-to-sport decision making and may be one reason why females report lower return-to-sport rates than males.

    “It has been suggested that differences in perceptions of re-injury related risk between males and females may be an influential factor on RTS decision making and may be one reason why females report lower RTS rates than males (Siegel, 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Siegel, 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The multi-site study presented difficulties in controlling rehabilitation protocols used across the different treatment centers.

    “Next, this was a multi-site study which presented difficulties in controlling rehabilitation protocols used across the different treatment centers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study did not consider concomitant surgical procedures and other surgical characteristics.

    “This study did not consider concomitant surgical procedures and other surgical characteristics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductown data

    Data were collected as part of separate IRB-approved research studies at each site and aggregated in an IRB-approved registry.

    “Data were collected as a part of separate Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved research studies at each site, then a limited data set from each site was aggregated in an IRB approved registry housed and managed by study team members at the University of Virginia (HSR 230335).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The ACL-RSI has demonstrated high validity and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.96).

    “The ACL-RSI has demonstrated high validity and internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.96) (Webster et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Webster et al., 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductown data

    The study did not capture information about prior sports participation or the desire to return to sport.

    “Additionally, we did not capture information about prior sports participation or the desire to RTS, which may have influenced study findings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The TSK-11 has demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.79) and good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.81).

    “The tool has demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.79) and good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.81) (Woby et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Woby et al., 2005 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The variation in rehabilitation approaches, the lack of concomitant surgical data, and the absence of actual RTS outcomes may have influenced psychological responses and thus weaken the interpretation of study findings.

    “The variation in rehabilitation approaches, the lack of concomitant surgical data, and the absence of actual RTS outcomes may have influenced psychological responses and thus weaken the interpretation of study findings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Psychological readiness and kinesiophobia are most relevant in the context of return to sport.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    The significant contribution of covariates in improving the overall model suggests that broad measures of psychological response after ACL reconstruction are helpful as part of clinical decision making, but without evaluation of specific constructs, implementing effective interventions may be challenging.

    “While a relationship was found in this study, the significant contribution of covariates in improving the overall model suggests that while broad measures of psychological response after ACLR are helpful as part of clinical decision making, without evaluation of specific constructs, implementing effective interventions may be challenging.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
24 of 24

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    It is unknown whether ACL-RSI and TSK-11 correlations exist in teens (13–18 years) after ACL reconstruction.

    “however, it is unknown if they are associated in teens after ACL reconstruction.”
    “However, we do not know whether these correlations exist in teens (13–18 chronological years of age).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Psychological changes related to growth and development affect the assessment of psychological readiness and kinesiophobia for return-to-sport decision-making in teens.

    “Psychological changes related to growth and development should be considered when assessing these constructs for RTS decision-making in teens.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Youth athletes are at the highest risk of ACL injury recurrence.

    “Given that youth athletes are at the highest risk of ACL injury recurrence, and with the rising concerns related to athlete mental health,(Daley and Reardon, 2024) it is imperative that we gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between these two psychological constructs in this population.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Psychological readiness and kinesiophobia are most relevant in the context of return to sport.

    “This is a key limitation given that both psychological readiness and kinesiophobia are most relevant in the context of RTS.”
4 of 4

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentχ²(4) = 89.87reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “Χ2(4) = 89.87, p < .001”

1 of 1

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Butler, L., Baez, S., Walker, C., Roman, D., Douthit, T., Kuenze, C., Ulman, S., & ARROW
Affiliations
  • Florida International University (US)
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • Arkansas Children's Hospital (US)
  • Connecticut Children's Medical Center (US)
  • Andrews Institute for Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine (US)
  • University of Virginia (US)
  • Scottish Rite Freemasonry (US)
Corresponding author
Butler, Lauren
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2025-10-10
Volume
16
Pages
1623398-1623398
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1623398
PMC
PMC12549314
OpenAlex
W4415044819
Cited by
9
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 1
FWCI
6.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • UNC Libraries
Funders
  • Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation
  • AO North America
  • Arthrex
  • AlloSource
  • Stryker
  • American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine
  • JRF Ortho
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Knee injuries and reconstruction techniques
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Keywords
psychological readiness, kinesiophobia, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, return to sport, adolescents, young adults, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, ACL rehabilitation, age differences

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review