Age-related differences in emotional reactivity, regulation, and rejection sensitivity in adolescence.
Open accessAbstract
Although adolescents' emotional lives are thought to be more turbulent than those of adults, it is unknown whether this difference is attributable to developmental changes in emotional reactivity or emotion regulation. Study 1 addressed this question by presenting healthy individuals aged 10-23 with negative and neutral pictures and asking them to respond naturally or use cognitive reappraisal to down-regulate their responses on a trial-by-trial basis. Results indicated that age exerted both linear and quadratic effects on regulation success but was unrelated to emotional reactivity. Study 2 replicated and extended these findings using a different reappraisal task and further showed that situational (i.e., social vs. nonsocial stimuli) and dispositional (i.e., level of rejection sensitivity) social factors interacted with age to predict regulation success: young adolescents were less successful at regulating responses to social than to nonsocial stimuli, particularly if the adolescents were high in rejection sensitivity. Taken together, these results have important implications for the inclusion of emotion regulation in models of emotional and cognitive development.
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TD youth show increased ability to regulate negative emotion with age.
“TD youth also show increased ability to regulate negative emotion with age.”
From Trauma, PTSD, and the Developing Brain (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
Successful emotion regulation in early adolescence (10 to 13 years) is impacted by the adolescent's sensitivity to rejection as well as situational factors of the emotional stimuli.
“Successful emotion regulation in early adolescence (10 to 13 years) is impacted by the adolescent's sensitivity to rejection as well as situational factors of the emotional stimuli.”
From Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? (2014) · cites this paper as Silvers et al. 2012
Compared with older adolescents and adults aged 14 to 23 years, young adolescents found it harder to regulate their emotions when presented with social affective stimuli compared to nonsocial affective stimuli.
“Compared with older adolescents and adults (14 to 23 years), young adolescents found it harder to regulate their emotions when presented with social affective stimuli compared to nonsocial affective stimuli (Silvers et al. 2012).”
From Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? (2014) · cites this paper as Silvers et al. 2012
Relative to young adults, reappraisal ability may be diminished in children and adolescents, older adults, and individuals with depression or borderline personality disorder, in part because of lateral PFC dysfunction.
“For example, relative to young adults, reappraisal ability may be diminished in children and adolescents (Silvers et al., 2012; Silvers et al., 2014), older adults (Urry et al., 2006; Winecoff et al., 2011; Tucker et al., 2012) and individuals with depression (Johnstone et al., 2007) or borderline personality disorder (Koenigsberg et al., 2009), in part, because of lateral PFC dysfunction.”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Silvers et al., 2012
Older adolescents may be better able to benefit from CBT possibly due to more developed cognitive and social skills, consistent with age-related improvements in emotion regulation ability in healthy adolescents.
“Older adolescents may be better able to benefit from CBT possibly due to more developed cognitive and social skills, consistent with age-related improvements in emotion regulation ability in healthy adolescents [26,27].”
From Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescence: Links to Anxiety and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as [26]
A linear increase in cognitive reappraisal ability was found with age and was accompanied by an age-related increase in left vlPFC.
“A linear increase in cognitive reappraisal ability was found with age (in line with Silvers et al., 2012) and this was accompanied by a concomitant age-related increase in left vlPFC.”
From Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as Silvers et al., 2012
Regulation success, defined as percentage decrease in self-reported negative affect on decrease trials relative to look trials for negative stimuli, improved with age following both linear and quadratic trends.
“Regulation success was defined as percentage decrease in self-reported negative affect on ‘decrease’ trials relative to ‘look’ trials for negative stimuli, and was found to improve with age, following both linear and quadratic trends.”
From Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as Silvers et al., 2012
Prior work has demonstrated that adolescents' ability to regulate emotional and behavioral responses toward social and emotional cues continues to improve through adolescence.
“Consistent with this perspective, prior work has demonstrated that adolescents’ ability to regulate emotional and behavioral responses toward social and emotional cues continues to improve through adolescence (37–39).”
From Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback (2017) · cites this paper as [39]
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Pitskel, N. B., Bolling, D. Z., Kaiser, M. D., Crowley, M. J., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.03.004 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Developmental changes and individual differences in risk and perspective taking in adolescence
Crone, E. A., Bullens, L., van der Plas, E. A. A., Kijkuit, E. J., & Zelazo, P. D. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000588 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
The effect of self-distancing on adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection in children.
Kross, E., Duckworth, A., Ayduk, O., Tsukayama, E., & Mischel, W. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021787 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Measuring Emotions: Implications of a Multimethod Perspective.
Larsen, R. J., & Prizmić‐Larsen, Z. (2006) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11383-023 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cordón, I. M., Melinder, A., Goodman, G., & Edelstein, R. S. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.08.004 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Rejection Sensitivity and Children's Interpersonal Difficulties
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Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing?
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Ochsner, K. N., Silvers, J. A., & Buhle, J. T. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06751.x · Cited by 1,879 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence
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Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework
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“For example, relative to young adults, reappraisal ability may be diminished in children and adolescents (Silvers et al., 2012; Silvers et al., 2014), older adults (Urry et al., 2006; Winecoff et al., 2011; Tucker et al., 2012) and individuals with depression (Johnstone et al., 2007) or borderline…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRapee, R. M., Oar, E. L., Johnco, C. J., Forbes, M. K., Fardouly, J., Magson, N. R., & Richardson, C. E. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103501 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescence: Links to Anxiety and Depression
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Adolescence as a pivotal period for emotion regulation development
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Self-citationWilliams, W. C., Morelli, S. A., Ong, D. C., & Zaki, J. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000132 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Navigating the Social Environment in Adolescence: The Role of Social Brain Development
Andrews, J. L., Ahmed, S. P., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.012 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Affect-biased attention as emotion regulation
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Trauma, PTSD, and the Developing Brain
Herringa, R. J. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0825-3 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Silvers, J. A., Insel, C., Powers, A., Franz, P., Helion, C., Martin, R. E., Weber, J., Mischel, W., Casey, B. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw073 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
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Self-citationAdolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems.
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“…neuroimaging research demonstrates increased neural reactivity to negative stimuli during adolescence relative to reactivity in children and adults (Silvers et al. 2012) and increased social sensitivity among adolescents, as reflected by activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, compared with…”
Toward a personalized science of emotion regulation
Doré, B. P., Silvers, J. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2016) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12240 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“…to field and lab research, aid in the development of a comprehensive model of emotion regulation with transportable relevance, and eventually give rise to a nuanced understanding of the factors that set the stage for emotion regulation success or failure. rm s and C onditions (https://online”
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Silvers, J. A., Shu, J., Hubbard, A. D., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2015) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12260 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“, 1993) and from a set of similar pictures that had been previously used with participants in this age range (Silvers et al., 2012).”
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Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback
Rodman, A. M., Powers, K. E., & Somerville, L. H. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1712398114 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Silvers, J. A., Insel, C., Powers, A., Franz, P., Helion, C., Martin, R., Weber, J., Mischel, W., Casey, B. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.06.005 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
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“Design and contrasts of this task were based on previous literature (30,31).”
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Neural responses to maternal criticism in healthy youth
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Silvers, J. A., Insel, C., Powers, A., Franz, P., Weber, J., Mischel, W., Casey, B. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614546001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
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Ibraheim, M., Kalpakci, A., & Sharp, C. (2017) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-017-0052-x · Cited by 72 · see citing works
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Age-related changes in reappraisal of appetitive cravings during adolescence
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Social influence shifts valuation of appetitive cues in early adolescence and adulthood.
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- Authors
- Silvers, J. A., McRae, K., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Gross, J. J., Remy, K. A., & Ochsner, K. N.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Emotion
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1235-1247
- ISSN
- 1528-3542 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1516
- PMC
- PMC4131311
- OpenAlex
- W2072527536
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 22.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Emotion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PMC
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (BCS-0224342)
- National Institutes of Health (MH076137 and HD069178, MH094056)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- emotional reactivity, emotion regulation, rejection sensitivity, cognitive reappraisal, age differences, adolescence, social rejection, emotional development, cognitive development
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Rejection, Psychology, Social Perception, Visual Perception, Adolescent Development, Young Adult
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