Yoga-Based Group Intervention for In-patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders—A Qualitative Approach
Open accessAbstract
Background:Yoga may pose a promising complementary therapy in the multimodal treatment of in-patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD). However, to date, no studies have qualitatively examined in-patients' with SSD experiences of Yoga as well as their perceptions of its limitations and benefits as a treatment component. This qualitative study aimed to explore for the first time the mechanisms and processes of Yoga-based Group Intervention (YoGI) for in-patients with SSD in Germany by asking for their subjective experiences. Findings could serve as a preliminary basis for developing an effective and evidence-based YoGI manual tailored to this patient group. Materials and Methods:In total, 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted directly after YoGI, for which responses were either noted down by hand or audio-recorded. The interview guide was pilot-tested and consisted of 14 questions to explore the personal articulated experiences of participation in YoGI from in-patients with SSD. Positive, negative, depressive, and anxiety symptoms were assessed during a diagnostic interview and through questionnaires. The interview data was transcribed, coded by two independent researchers, and analysed using an inductive thematic approach. The research team collaboratively discussed emerging categories to reduce redundancy and form meaningful themes and subthemes. Results:The analysis revealed seven main themes. YoGI was perceived as feasible and focusing on individual adaptation, captured by the theme inclusivity. Nevertheless, participants encountered challenges; thus, physical limitations need to be considered. While practising together, participants experienced interconnectedness and developed a mindful stance as they accepted their limitations and adapted exercises with self-compassion. Patients described that following the flow of the asanas required physical persistence, which ultimately led many participants to experience confidence and relaxation. YoGI affected symptom representation as heightened awareness led participants to notice impeding as well as improved symptoms. Conclusion:YoGI showed various promising effects on in-patients with SSD. Future research should examine to what extent these effects can be sustained and how the mindful approach during YoGI can be transferred to areas outside the Yoga class. Furthermore, a randomised controlled trial could investigate the effectiveness of a manualised YoGI.
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YoGI was developed for persons with SSD using a participatory approach together with 44 participants.
“yoga-based group intervention (YoGI) was explicitly developed for persons with SSD using a participatory approach together with a total of n = 44 participants.30,31”
From Yoga-Based Group Intervention for Inpatients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders—Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Outcomes of a Rater-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
The Introduction describes YoGI as a newly developed intervention for in-patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. But the Methods report 25 interviewees, not 44 participants, and the Discussion says the YoGI protocol was developed with psychologists and trained yoga teachers; our copy does not establish that 44 patients participated in its development. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredQualitative studies suggest YoGI fosters a mindful and self-compassionate stance, feelings of interconnectedness, and improved recognition of both impeding and improved symptoms.
“These studies suggest that YoGI fosters a mindful and self-compassionate stance, feelings of interconnectedness and an improved recognition of both impeding and improved symptoms.30”
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Rao, N. P., Shivakumar, V., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-19847-3_23 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
05 - UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUALS’ SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCES OF NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Töbelmann, L., Hahne, I., Schulze, T., Bergmann, N., Fuchs, L., Zierhut, M., Hahn, E., & Böge, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1086468 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Hiller, S., Emde, L., Jais, D., Sikorová, S., Bakštein, E., Španiel, F., Urbanová, K., Hahn, E. W., Zierhut, M. M., Fürstenau, D., et al. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02089-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationUse of yoga in acute mental health inpatient settings: A systematic review
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CE: An Evidence-Based Yoga Practice for Hospitalized Adults on Medical–Psychiatric Units
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Hahne, I., Zierhut, M., Bergmann, N., Hahn, E., Ta, T. M. T., Calvano, C., Bajbouj, M., & Böge, K. (2026) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae198 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationInoue, T., Shinba, T., Itokawa, M., Sun, G., Nishikawa, M., Miyashita, M., Suzuki, K., Kariya, N., Arai, M., & Matsui, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.902979 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Zierhut, M. M., Hahne, I., Bergmann, N., Graesser, S., Alt, M., Töbelmann, L., Wohlthan, J., Huber, V., Ta, T. M. T., Bajbouj, M., et al. (2026) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-026-00420-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationPratique musicale comme remédiation cognitive incarnée dans la schizophrénie. Deux revues narratives
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Yoga and Meditation in the Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
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Roche, L. T., Delgado, M. D. M. S., Casañas, E. B., Gamero, E. M., Medina, Z. R. S., & Rodríguez-Suárez, C.-A. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1772247
Hahne, I., Zierhut, M. M., Bergmann, N., Fässler, L., Töbelmann, L., Opper, F., Hahn, E., Ta, T. M. T., Calvano, C., Bajbouj, M., et al. (2026) · Psychiatry Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.psycom.2026.100262
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- Authors
- Schulze, T., Hahn, E., Hahne, I., Bergmann, N., Fuchs, L. M., Mähler, F., Zierhut, M. M., Ta, T. M. T., Pijnenborg, G. H. M., & Böge, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Böge, Kerem
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2021-08-13
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 715670-715670
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8414901
- OpenAlex
- W3195790630
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver (cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- yoga, group intervention, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, hospitalized patients, complementary therapy, patient experience, mindfulness, self-compassion, physical limitations, asanas, symptom awareness, treatment manual development
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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