Mechanisms of action and processes of yoga-based group intervention for inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders–A longitudinal qualitative study
Open accessAbstract
Background: Research exploring the effects of yoga therapy (YT) on individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) is scarce. Therefore, the current study aimed to explore possible mechanisms of actions and processes, as well as adverse effects of a novel yoga-based group intervention (YoGI) for in-patients with SSD in a German university hospital setting. Material and methods: A longitudinal qualitative study was integrated into a rater-blinded randomized controlled trial, exploring the impact of a 4-week YoGI as add-on treatment. In-depth interviews were conducted with participants receiving YoGI (n = 19) in addition to treatment as usual (TAU) and a control group (n = 14) which only received TAU. Interviews were conducted at baseline (n = 33) and 4 weeks post-intervention (N = 28) to assess the participant’s experiences and how they changed over time. The interviews (N = 61) were audio-taped, translated, coded, and analyzed by means of inductive thematic analysis. Separate case summaries were prepared for each participant to analyze longitudinal changes within subjects. The research team members collaboratively discussed the final list of themes and subcodes. Rater-based questionnaires, such as the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), and Personal and Social Performance Scale (PSP) were administered at baseline to assess clinical outcomes. Results: At baseline, participants reported a desire to improve their stress- and symptom management. A minority of participants expressed reservations toward yoga, and several psychosocial barriers were named, including worries about symptom exacerbation. At post-intervention, four mechanisms of change became evident from the interviews: (1) acquiring competence in relaxation, (2) increased interoceptive awareness, (3) feeling connected, and (4) a sense of spiritual wellbeing. A small number of participants reported difficulties with YoGI. Conclusion: Generally, YoGI positively influenced participants’ experiences of their inpatient stay, regarding distress, self- and body awareness, social connectedness, and spiritual wellbeing. However, participants also illuminated necessary adjustments to improve the intervention. YoGI will therefore be adapted and further developed in an iterative process based on a participant involvement approach. The efficacy regarding outcomes and processes needs to be investigated in a future larger-scaled randomized controlled trial.
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YoGI was developed for persons with SSD using a participatory approach together with 44 participants.
“yoga-based group intervention (YoGI) was explicitly developed for persons with SSD using a participatory approach together with a total of n = 44 participants.30,31”
From Yoga-Based Group Intervention for Inpatients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders—Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Outcomes of a Rater-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. (2026) · cites this paper as [31]
Section 2.5 (Yoga-based group intervention; page unavailable) says YoGI was tailored to patients with SSD and its manual was developed in collaboration with patients, supporting the participatory-development claim. It does not say that 44 people participated in that development; the Abstract (Material and methods; page unavailable) instead reports 33 participants in this study, 19 of whom received YoGI. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredQualitative studies showed YoGI has a positive impact on relaxation skills, interoceptive awareness, sense of connection, and spiritual well-being.
“Qualitative studies have investigated the potential mechanisms and processes underlying YoGI,30,31 showing its positive impact on relaxation skills, interoceptive awareness, sense of connection, and spiritual well-being.31”
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Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 170 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
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- Authors
- Töbelmann, L., Hahne, I., Schulze, T., Bergmann, N., Fuchs, L., Zierhut, M., Hahn, E., & Böge, K.
- Affiliations
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Böge, Kerem
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-02-07
- Volume
- 14
- Pages
- 1086468-1086468
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9941680
- OpenAlex
- W4319439880
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Refubium (Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Universitätsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver (cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- yoga therapy, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, psychiatric inpatient care, group intervention, mechanisms of change, relaxation, interoceptive awareness, social connectedness, spiritual well-being, stress management, adverse effects, participant experiences, adjunctive therapy
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