Effect of Tourist Activities on Fecal and Salivary Glucocorticoids and Immunoglobulin A in Female Captive Asian Elephants in Thailand
Open accessAbstract
Asian elephants have been an important part of wildlife ecotourism in Thailand for over two decades. Elephants in tourist camps are exposed to a variety of management styles and daily activities that can potentially affect health and welfare. This study investigated relationships between a novel welfare biomarker, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and daily camp activities, and compared results to glucocorticoid (GC) measures. Often no-riding camps are portrayed as providing better welfare than camps that offer riding. Therefore, we predicted that elephants at no-riding camps would have lower GC and higher IgA concentrations, and a low GC/IgA ratio. Forty-four female elephants from six elephant camps were divided into three groups based on riding activities: saddle-riding, bareback-riding, and no-riding. Fecal and salivary samples were collected monthly for 1 year along with evaluations of body condition, foot health, and wounding. Camp environment and management varied among camps, although the major difference was in riding activities. Concentrations of GCs and IgA varied among the working groups, but not always consistently between sample matrices. Overall fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations were lowest in the saddle-riding group. Only in one bareback-riding camp did the elephants exhibit a potentially positive welfare response with a low GC/IgA ratio over time. Other results varied between the two biomarkers, with considerable variability across camps, suggesting there is more to good welfare than whether elephants participate in riding or not. Several other human-induced stressors, like chaining, ankus use, and limited social opportunities are likely to be impacting well-being and should be considered to ensure management practices meet physical and psychological welfare needs.
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Combining analyses of glucocorticoids and IgA with behavioral indicators like stereotypies can further validate assessment findings.
“Combining analyses of glucocorticoids and IgA with behavioral indicators like stereotypies can further validate assessment findings (107, 108).”
From Comparison of animal welfare assessment tools and methodologies: need for an effective approach for captive elephants in Asia (2024) · cites this paper as [107]
The Introduction says combining glucocorticoid and IgA measures could provide more robust interpretations of welfare findings. The cited paper does not say that adding behavioral indicators such as stereotypies would further validate those findings; that part of the claim is unsupported by its text. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Kosaruk, W., Brown, J. L., Plangsangmas, T., Towiboon, P., Punyapornwithaya, V., Silva-Fletcher, A., Thitaram, C., Khonmee, J., Edwards, K. L., & Somgird, C.
- Affiliations
- Chiang Mai University (TH)
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (US)
- Chulabhorn Royal Academy (TH)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
- Corresponding author
- Somgird, Chaleamchat
- ORCID
- Venue
- Animals
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-10-21
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1928
- ISSN
- 2076-2615 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7589861
- OpenAlex
- W3094189212
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Animals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RVC Research Online (Royal Veterinary College) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Brian Nixon fund for the protection of elephants in Thailand (-)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Equine › Veterinary Equine Medical Research
- Keywords
- Asian elephant, captive animal welfare, wildlife tourism, bareback riding, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, immunoglobulin A, stress, chaining, social isolation, female elephants
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