Cited by 133Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

The Future of Precision Medicine in the Cure of Alzheimer’s Disease

Open access
Arafah, Azher, Khatoon, Saima, Rasool, Iyman, Khan, Andleeb, Rather, Mashoque Ahmad, Abujabal, Khaled Abdullah, Faqih, Yazid Abdullilah Hassan, Rashid, Hina +4 more·2023·Biomedicines

Abstract

This decade has seen the beginning of ground-breaking conceptual shifts in the research of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which acknowledges risk elements and the evolving wide spectrum of complicated underlying pathophysiology among the range of diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Significant improvements in diagnosis, treatments, and mitigation of AD are likely to result from the development and application of a comprehensive approach to precision medicine (PM), as is the case with several other diseases. This strategy will probably be based on the achievements made in more sophisticated research areas, including cancer. PM will require the direct integration of neurology, neuroscience, and psychiatry into a paradigm of the healthcare field that turns away from the isolated method. PM is biomarker-guided treatment at a systems level that incorporates findings of the thorough pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders as well as methodological developments. Comprehensive examination and categorization of interrelated and convergent disease processes, an explanation of the genomic and epigenetic drivers, a description of the spatial and temporal paths of natural history, biological markers, and risk markers, as well as aspects about the regulation, and the ethical, governmental, and sociocultural repercussions of findings at a subclinical level all require clarification and realistic execution. Advances toward a comprehensive systems-based approach to PM may finally usher in a new era of scientific and technical achievement that will help to end the complications of AD.

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  • The field of biomarkers is dominated by blood-based markers, including HFABP, NFL, NSE, t-Tau, p-Tau, and MCP-1.

    “The field of biomarkers is dominated by blood-based markers, including heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP), neurofilament light chain (NFL), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), total tau (t-Tau), phosphorylated tau (p-Tau), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).”
  • These blood-based markers provide information about the underlying pathophysiology of AD and are crucial for detecting the disease, especially in those with memory problems.

    “These markers provide information about the underlying pathophysiology of AD and are crucial for detecting the disease, especially in those who have memory problems.”
  • Neuroimaging techniques using FDG-PET, MRI, and PET for detection of tau and amyloid proteins have significantly advanced precision medicine in AD.

    “With the use of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for the detection of tau and amyloid proteins, neuroimaging techniques have significantly advanced precision medicine in AD.”
  • This neuroimaging allows for disease stratification and may facilitate an earlier diagnosis.

    “This allows for disease stratification and may even facilitate an earlier diagnosis [214,215].”

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  1. [42]National Research Council (US) Committee on A Framework for Developing a New Taxonomy of Disease toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease; The National Academies Collection: Reports Funded by National Institutes of Health National Academies Press (US) Washington, DC, USA 2011 978-0-309-22222-8 22536618

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Authors
Arafah, A., Khatoon, S., Rasool, I., Khan, A., Rather, M. A., Abujabal, K. A., Faqih, Y. A. H., Rashid, H., Rashid, S. M., Bilal Ahmad, S., Alexiou, A., & Rehman, M. U.
Affiliations
  • King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (SA)
  • Jamia Hamdard (IN)
  • Government Medical College (IN)
  • Jazan University (SA)
  • University of South Florida (US)
  • Department of Pharmacy, Abu Areish General Hospital, Abu Areish 45911, Saudi Arabia
  • Department of Emergency and Accident, Abu Areish General Hospital, Abu Areish 45911, Saudi Arabia
  • Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (IN)
  • Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar 190006, India
  • Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
Corresponding author
  • Arafah, Azher
  • Khan, Andleeb
  • Rehman, Muneeb U.
Venue
Biomedicines
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-01-25
Volume
11
Issue
2
Pages
335
ISSN
2227-9059 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4317934405
Cited by
133
References
176
Citations by year
2026: 31 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 7
FWCI
4.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Biomedicines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia (ISP22-19)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, precision medicine, neurodegenerative diseases, biomarkers, risk factors, pathophysiology, epigenetics, systems biology, disease natural history

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