Current Understanding of the Physiopathology, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. It is characterized by cognitive decline and progressive memory loss. The aim of this review was to update the state of knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approach to AD. Currently, the amyloid cascade hypothesis remains the leading theory in the pathophysiology of AD. This hypothesis states that amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition triggers a chemical cascade of events leading to the development of AD dementia. The antemortem diagnosis of AD is still based on clinical parameters. Diagnostic procedures in AD include fluid-based biomarkers such as those present in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma or diagnostic imaging methods. Currently, the therapeutic armory available focuses on symptom control and is based on four pillars: pharmacological treatment where acetylcholinesterase inhibitors stand out; pharmacological treatment under investigation which includes drugs focused on the control of Aβ pathology and tau hyperphosphorylation; treatment focusing on risk factors such as diabetes; or nonpharmacological treatments aimed at preventing development of the disease or treating symptoms through occupational therapy or psychological help. AD remains a largely unknown disease. Further research is needed to identify new biomarkers and therapies that can prevent progression of the pathology.
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AChEIs (Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine) and Memantine attenuate AD symptoms, providing temporary relief from mild to moderate to severe AD, but do not cure the disease.
“Since their counterbalancing action on the cholinergic imbalance of the disease, these classes of drugs attenuate symptoms, providing temporary relief from mild to moderate to severe AD [101]. Even if they can delay cognitive decline in AD, they do not establish a cure for the disease.”
From Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Beyond Symptomatic Therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [101]
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- [10]Garre-Olmo J. Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias Rev. Neurol. 2018 66 377 386 29790571
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Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Treatments and New Perspectives
Pardo-Moreno, T., González-Acedo, A., Rivas-Domínguez, A., García-Morales, V., García-Cozar, F. J., Ramos-Rodríguez, J. J., & Melguizo-Rodríguez, L. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14061117 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Beyond Symptomatic Therapies
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“Since their counterbalancing action on the cholinergic imbalance of the disease, these classes of drugs attenuate symptoms, providing temporary relief from mild to moderate to severe AD [101].”
BackgroundAducanumab—Hope or Disappointment for Alzheimer’s Disease
Wojtunik-Kulesza, K., Rudkowska, M., & Orzeł-Sajdłowska, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054367 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
- Authors
- García-Morales, V., González-Acedo, A., Melguizo-Rodríguez, L., Pardo-Moreno, T., Costela-Ruiz, V. J., Montiel-Troya, M., & Ramos-Rodríguez, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Physiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Instituto Nacional de Gestión Sanitaria (INGESA), Primary Health Care, 51003 Ceuta, Spain
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences (Ceuta), University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomedicines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-12-14
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1910
- ISSN
- 2227-9059 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8698840
- OpenAlex
- W4200469821
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 13
- FWCI
- 1.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- RODIN (Universidad de Cádiz) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, amyloid hypothesis, amyloid-beta deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, dementia, biomarkers, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, plasma biomarkers, diagnostic imaging, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, anti-amyloid drugs, diabetes mellitus, non-pharmacological treatment, occupational therapy, pathophysiology
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