Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: current evidence and future directions

Calsolaro, Valeria; Edison, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2016.02.010

Cited by 1,726Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: current evidence and future directions

Calsolaro, Valeria, Edison, Paul·2016·Alzheimer's & Dementia

DOI 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.02.010

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Abstract

Several attempts have been made to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) using anti-amyloid strategies with disappointing results. It is clear that the "amyloid cascade hypothesis" alone cannot fully explain the neuronal damage in AD, as evidenced both by autopsy and imaging studies. Neuroinflammation plays a significant role in neurodegenerative diseases, whereas the debate is ongoing about its precise role, whether it is protective or harmful. In this review, we focus on the potential mechanism of glial activation and how local and systemic factors influence disease progression. We focus on neuroinflammation in AD, especially in the earliest stages, a vicious cycle of glial priming, release of pro-inflammatory factors, and neuronal damage. We review the evidence from imaging studies, regarding the temporal relationship between amyloid deposition and neuroinflammation, the influence of systemic inflammation on glial activation, both in acute and chronic stimulation and the relevance of inflammation as a diagnostic and therapeutic target.

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Neuroinflammation is a central hub that modulates both amyloid and tau pathology.
“For example, neuroinflammation is increasingly understood as a central hub that modulates both amyloid and tau pathology [21], while mitochondrial failure and impaired autophagy act as amplifiers of proteotoxic stress [22].”
From Toward a Unified Framework in Molecular Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease: Revisiting the Pathophysiological Hypotheses (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
Neuroinflammation becomes chronic, initiating a cyclic cascade of glial priming, proinflammatory factor release, and neuronal damage.
“Eventually, however, neuroinflammation becomes chronic, initiating a cyclic cascade of glial priming, proinflammatory factor release, and neuronal damage [68].”
From Age, sex and Alzheimer’s disease: a longitudinal study of 3xTg-AD mice reveals sex-specific disease trajectories and inflammatory responses mirrored in postmortem brains from Alzheimer’s patients (2024) · cites this paper as [68]
After acute inflammatory damage, brain glial cells respond to repair the tissue; if the stimulus persists, it produces an inflammatory chronic state that leads to neuronal dysfunction, injury, and loss.
“After acute inflammatory damage, the brain glial cells respond to repair the tissue. If the stimulus persists, it produces an inflammatory chronic state that leads to neuronal dysfunction, injury, and loss (Streit et al., 2004; Calsolaro and Edison, 2016).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Calsolaro and Edison, 2016
Microglial cells clustered around Aβ deposits have become incapable of removing the amyloid.
“Nonetheless, it seems that microglial cells clustered around Aβ− deposits have become incapable of removing the amyloid (Calsolaro and Edison, 2016).”
From The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma. (2017) · cites this paper as Calsolaro and Edison, 2016

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Choi, S., Aïd, S., Caracciolo, L., Minami, S., Niikura, T., Matsuoka, Y., Turner, R. S., Mattson, M. P., & Bosetti, F. (2012) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12059 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Genome-wide association study of Alzheimer's disease with psychotic symptoms
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18F-GE-180: a novel TSPO radiotracer compared to 11C-R-PK11195 in a preclinical model of stroke
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NSAIDs prevent, but do not reverse, neuronal cell cycle reentry in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease
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Modulation of inflammation in transgenic models of Alzheimer’s disease
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Amyloid-β-induced reactive oxygen species production and priming are differentially regulated by ion channels in microglia
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Astrocytes and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease
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Whether, when and how chronic inflammation increases the risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease
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The Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors: A Review
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Amyloid Precursor Protein Expression Is Upregulated in Adipocytes in Obesity
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Novel Reference Region Model Reveals Increased Microglial and Reduced Vascular Binding of 11C-(R)-PK11195 in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
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Self-citation
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 knockdown exacerbates aging-related neuroinflammation and cognitive deficiency in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice.
Jiang, T., Yu, J.-T., Zhu, X.-C., Tan, M., Gu, L., Zhang, Y.-D., & Tan, L. (2014) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.026 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Increased Levels of Chitotriosidase and YKL-40 in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Rosén, C., Andersson, C.-H., Andréasson, U., Molinuevo, J. L., Bjerke, M., Rami, L., Lladó, A., Blennow, K., & Zetterberg, H. (2014) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000362164 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Is Brain Amyloid Production a Cause or a Result of Dementia of The Alzheimer's Type?
Struble, R. G., Ala, T., Patrylo, P. R., Brewer, G. J., & Yan, X. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-100846 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Imaging neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: Recent advances and future directions
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Self-citation
In vivo imaging of astrocytosis in Alzheimer’s disease: an 11C-L-deuteriodeprenyl and PIB PET study
Santillo, A. F., Gambini, J. P., Lannfelt, L., Långström, B., Ulla-Marja, L., Kilander, L., & Engler, H. (2011) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-011-1895-9 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Dynamics Differ Between Alzheimer Disease Patients and Elderly Controls
Llano, D. A., Li, J., Waring, J. F., Ellis, T. A., Devanarayan, V., Witte, D. G., & Lenz, R. A. (2011) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0b013e31823b2728 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
[CLINICAL TRIAL OF INDOMETHACIN].
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Toll-like receptor 9 promoter polymorphism is associated with decreased risk of Alzheimer’s disease in Han Chinese
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Elucidating Molecular Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease in Microglial Cultures
Rogers, J., Lue, L., Walker, D. G., Yan, S. D., Stern, D., Strohmeyer, R., & Kovelowski, C. J. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05073-6_3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Imaging neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s and other dementias: recent advances and future directions
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Effects of Rofecoxib or Naproxen vs Placebo on Alzheimer Disease Progression: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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Recent advances in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, clinical trials and new drug development strategies.
Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Xia, Y., Zhang, J., & Chen, L. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01911-3 · Cited by 1,138 · see citing works
Positive feedback regulation of microglial glucose metabolism by histone H4 lysine 12 lactylation in Alzheimer’s disease
Pan, R.-Y., He, L., Zhang, J., Liu, X., Liao, Y., Gao, J., Liao, Y., Yan, Y., Li, Q., Zhou, X., et al. (2022) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2022.02.013 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
New insights into the role of TREM2 in Alzheimer’s disease
Gratuze, M., Leyns, C. E. G., & Holtzman, D. M. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0298-9 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Current state of Alzheimer’s fluid biomarkers
Molinuevo, J. L., Ayton, S., Batrla, R., Bednar, M. M., Bittner, T., Cummings, J., Fagan, A. M., Hampel, H., Mielke, M. M., Mikulskis, A., et al. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-018-1932-x · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Homeostasis-altering molecular processes as mechanisms of inflammasome activation
Liston, A., & Masters, S. L. (2017) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.151 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
The role of microglia in retinal neurodegeneration: Alzheimer’s disease, parkinson, and glaucoma.
Ramirez, A. I., de Hoz, R., Salobrar-Garcia, E., Salazar, J. J., Rojas, B., Ajoy, D., López-Cuenca, I., Rojas, P., Triviño, A., & Ramírez, J. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00214 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Beyond Their Pancreatic Effects
Zhao, X., Wang, M., Wen, Z., Lu, Z., Cui, L., Fu, C., Xue, H., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.721135 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Antibiotics, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer’s disease
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Anti-inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Spagnuolo, C., Moccia, S., & Russo, G. L. (2018) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.001 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Neurological Disorders
Vendrik, K. E. W., Ooijevaar, R. E., de Jong, P. R. C., Laman, J. D., van Oosten, B. W., van Hilten, J. J., Ducarmon, Q. R., Keller, J. J., Kuijper, E. J., & Contarino, M. F. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00098 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
The inter-relationship between delirium and dementia: the importance of delirium prevention
Fong, T. G., & Inouye, S. K. (2022) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-022-00698-7 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Secretory Products of the Human GI Tract Microbiome and Their Potential Impact on Alzheimer's Disease (AD): Detection of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in AD Hippocampus
Zhao, Y., Jaber, V., & Lukiw, W. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2017.00318 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Recent advances in molecular pathways and therapeutic implications targeting neuroinflammation for Alzheimer’s disease
Dhapola, R., Hota, S. S., Sarma, P., Bhattacharyya, A., Medhi, B., & Reddy, D. H. (2021) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-021-00889-6 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in early Alzheimer disease
Janelidze, S., Mattsson, N., Stomrud, E., Lindberg, O., Palmqvist, S., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., & Hansson, O. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006082 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
TREM2-Ligand Interactions in Health and Disease
Kober, D. L., & Brett, T. J. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2017.04.004 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“This creates a vicious cycle where microglia are exposed to stimuli, and although they may first respond with phagocytic and less inflammatory results [58], they will fail to resolve the plaques and create an inflammatory milieu that is primed to additional inflammation with subsequent insults until the microglia even…”
Background
Unhealthy gut, unhealthy brain: The role of the intestinal microbiota in neurodegenerative diseases
Spielman, L. J., Gibson, D. L., & Klegeris, A. (2018) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2018.08.005 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
The Role of Estrogen in Brain and Cognitive Aging
Russell, J. K., Jones, C. K., & Newhouse, P. A. (2019) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00766-9 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Memantine for the Treatment of Dementia: A Review on its Current and Future Applications
Folch, J., Busquets, O., Ettcheto, M., Sánchez-López, E., Castro-Torres, R. D., Verdaguer, E., Garcia, M. L., Olloquequi, J., Casadesús, G., Beas-Zarate, C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170672 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease: Activated, Dysfunctional or Degenerative
Navarro, V., Sanchez-Mejias, E., Jimenez, S., Muñoz-Castro, C., Sanchez-Varo, R., Davila, J. C., Vizuete, M., Gutierrez, A., & Vitorica, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00140 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Obesity as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Leptin
Flores-Cordero, J. A., Pérez-Pérez, A., Jiménez-Cortegana, C., Alba, G., Flores-Barragán, A., & Sánchez-Margalet, V. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23095202 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Brain inflammation accompanies amyloid in the majority of mild cognitive impairment cases due to Alzheimer's disease
Parbo, P., Ismail, R., Hansen, K. V., Amidi, A., Mårup, F. H., Gottrup, H., Brændgaard, H., Eriksson, B. O., Eskildsen, S. F., Lund, T. E., et al. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx120 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citation
Microglial activation and tau burden predict cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease
Malpetti, M., Kievit, R. A., Passamonti, L., Jones, P. S., Tsvetanov, K. A., Rittman, T., Mak, E., Nicastro, N., Bevan-Jones, W. R., Su, L., et al. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa088 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
The metal ion hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease and the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of metal chelators
Chen, L.-L., Fan, Y.-G., Zhao, L.-X., Zhang, Q., & Wang, Z.-Y. (2023) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106301 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation and the Kynurenine Pathway in CNS Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications
Mithaiwala, M. N., Santana-Coelho, D., Porter, G. A., & O’Connor, J. C. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10061548 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
How inflammation affects the brain in depression: a review of functional and structural MRI studies
Han, K.-M., & Ham, B.-J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2021.17.4.503 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Translocator Protein-18 kDa (TSPO) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging and Its Clinical Impact in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Dupont, A.-C., Largeau, B., Santiago Ribeiro, M., Guilloteau, D., Tronel, C., & Arlicot, N. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18040785 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Comparative profiling of cortical gene expression in Alzheimer’s disease patients and mouse models demonstrates a link between amyloidosis and neuroinflammation
Castillo, E., Leon, J., Mazzei, G., Abolhassani, N., Haruyama, N., Saito, T., Saido, T., Hokama, M., Iwaki, T., Ohara, T., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17999-3 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Inflammatory pathways in Alzheimer’s disease mediated by gut microbiota
Qian, X.-H., Song, X.-X., Liu, X.-L., Chen, S.-D., & Tang, H.-D. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101317 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Markers of neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer’s disease pathology in older adults
Popp, J., Oikonomidi, A., Tautvydaitė, D., Dayon, L., Bacher, M., Migliavacca, E., Henry, H., Kirkland, R., Severin, I., Wojcik, J., et al. (2017) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.020 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Synaptic proteins in CSF as potential novel biomarkers for prognosis in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease
Duits, F. H., Brinkmalm, G., Teunissen, C. E., Brinkmalm, A., Scheltens, P., Van der Flier, W. M., Zetterberg, H., & Blennow, K. (2018) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-017-0335-x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Tetrahydrobioterin (BH4) pathway: from metabolism to neuropsychiatry
Fanet, H., Capuron, L., Castanon, N., Calon, F., & Vancassel, S. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x18666200729103529 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Effects of APOE ‐ε4 allele load on brain morphology in a cohort of middle‐aged healthy individuals with enriched genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease
Cacciaglia, R., Molinuevo, J. L., Falcón, C., Brugulat‐Serrat, A., Sánchez‐Benavides, G., Gramunt, N., Esteller, M., Morán, S., Minguillón, C., Fauria, K., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.01.016 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Microglial priming in Alzheimer’s disease
Li, J.-W., Zong, Y., Cao, X.-P., Tan, L., & Tan, L. (2018) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm.2018.04.22 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Characterization and clinical use of inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid protein markers in Alzheimer’s disease
Brosseron, F., Traschütz, A., Widmann, C. N., Kummer, M. P., Tacik, P., Santarelli, F., Jessen, F., & Heneka, M. T. (2018) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-018-0353-3 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Mitophagy and cGAS–STING crosstalk in neuroinflammation
Zhou, X., Wang, J., Yu, L., Qiao, G., Qin, D., Yuen-Kwan Law, B., Ren, F., Wu, J., & Wu, A. (2024) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2024.05.012 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Microbial involvement in Alzheimer disease development and progression
Bulgart, H. R., Neczypor, E. W., Wold, L. E., & Mackos, A. R. (2020) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-020-00378-4 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Depletion of NK Cells Improves Cognitive Function in the Alzheimer Disease Mouse Model
Zhang, Y., Fung, I. T. H., Sankar, P., Chen, X., Robison, L. S., Ye, L., D’Souza, S. S., Salinero, A. E., Kuentzel, M. L., Chittur, S. V., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2000037 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
<scp>HDAC</scp> 3 negatively regulates spatial memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
Zhu, X., Wang, S., Yu, L., Jin, J., Ye, X., Liu, Y., & Xu, Y. (2017) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12642 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
PET Neuroimaging of Alzheimer's Disease: Radiotracers and Their Utility in Clinical Research
Bao, W., Xie, F., Zuo, C., Guan, Y., & Huang, Y. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.624330 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Protective role of IGF-1 and GLP-1 signaling activation in neurological dysfunctions
Bhalla, S., Mehan, S., Khan, A., & Rehman, M. U. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104896 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
New therapeutics beyond amyloid-β and tau for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Zhang, F., Zhong, R.-J., Cheng, C., Li, S., & Le, W.-D. (2021) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/s41401-020-00565-5 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Microglial large extracellular vesicles propagate early synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease
Gabrielli, M., Prada, I., Joshi, P., Falcicchia, C., D’Arrigo, G., Rutigliano, G., Battocchio, E., Zenatelli, R., Tozzi, F., Radeghieri, A., et al. (2022) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awac083 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Recent Research Trends in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Cohen, J., Mathew, A., Dourvetakis, K. D., Sanchez-Guerrero, E., Pangeni, R. P., Gurusamy, N., Aenlle, K. K., Ravindran, G., Twahir, A., Isler, D., et al. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13060511 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Current Understanding of the Physiopathology, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease
García-Morales, V., González-Acedo, A., Melguizo-Rodríguez, L., Pardo-Moreno, T., Costela-Ruiz, V. J., Montiel-Troya, M., & Ramos-Rodríguez, J. J. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9121910 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Xiang, S., Ji, J.-L., Li, S., Cao, X.-P., Xu, W., Tan, L., & Tan, C.-C. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.730036 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Huanglian Jiedu decoction remodels the periphery microenvironment to inhibit Alzheimer’s disease progression based on the “brain-gut” axis through multiple integrated omics
Gu, X., Zhou, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, H., Si, N., Ren, W., Zhao, W., Fan, X., Gao, W., Wei, X., et al. (2021) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-021-00779-7 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Clinical pet imaging of microglial activation: Implications for microglial therapeutics in alzheimer’s disease
Shen, Z., Bao, X., & Wang, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00314 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Repurposed agents in the Alzheimer’s disease drug development pipeline
Bauzon, J., Lee, G., & Cummings, J. (2020) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-020-00662-x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease
Yarns, B. C., Holiday, K. A., Carlson, D. M., Cosgrove, C. K., & Melrose, R. J. (2022) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2022.07.003 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Gut microbiota-driven neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities
Lei, W., Cheng, Y., Liu, X., Gao, J., Zhu, Z., Ding, W., Xu, X., Li, Y., Ling, Z., Jiang, R., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1582119 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease: Innate immunity gone awry?
VanItallie, T. B. (2017) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.01.014 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Postmortem Cortical Transcriptomics of Lewy Body Dementia Reveal Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lack of Neuroinflammation
Rajkumar, A. P., Bidkhori, G., Shoaie, S., Clarke, E., Morrin, H., Hye, A., Williams, G., Ballard, C., Francis, P., & Aarsland, D. (2020) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.06.007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Inhibitory Effects of Raw-Extract Centella asiatica (RECA) on Acetylcholinesterase, Inflammations, and Oxidative Stress Activities via In Vitro and In Vivo
Hafiz, Z. Z., Amin, M. ‘. M., Johari James, R. M., Teh, L. K., Salleh, M. Z., & Adenan, M. I. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25040892 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Microglial Activation and Connectivity in Alzheimer Disease and Aging
Rauchmann, B., Brendel, M., Franzmeier, N., Trappmann, L., Zaganjori, M., Ersoezlue, E., Morenas‐Rodriguez, E., Guersel, S., Burow, L., Kurz, C., et al. (2022) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26465 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Recent genetic, molecular, and clinical evidence suggests that neuroimmune mechanisms are associated with AD risk and contribute to disease progression.(2,3) Patients with symptomatic AD show alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood pro- and anti-inflammatory proteins,(4,5) including the soluble triggering r…”
Background
The Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in the Development of Alzheimer’s Disease
Wiatrak, B., Balon, K., Jawień, P., Bednarz, D., Jęśkowiak, I., & Szeląg, A. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23094862 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Curcumin Reduces Cognitive Deficits by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation through the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway in Apolipoprotein E4 Transgenic Mice
Kou, J., Wang, M., Shi, J., Zhang, H., Pu, X., Song, S., Yang, C., Yan, Y., Döring, Y., Xie, X., et al. (2021) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c04810 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in experimental Alzheimer’s disease models: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies
Kong, F., Wu, T., Dai, J., Zhai, Z., Cai, J., Zhu, Z., Xu, Y., & Sun, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1205207 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Toward a Unified Framework in Molecular Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease: Revisiting the Pathophysiological Hypotheses
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Authors: Calsolaro, V., & Edison, P.
Affiliations: Imperial College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Edison, Paul
ORCID: Calsolaro, Valeria
Edison, Paul
Venue: Alzheimer's & Dementia
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2016-05-11
Volume: 12
Issue: 6
Pages: 719-732
ISSN: 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
1552-5279
DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.02.010
OpenAlex: W2358666620
Cited by: 1,726
References: 96
Citations by year: 2026: 130 · 2025: 227 · 2024: 272 · 2023: 244 · 2022: 240 · 2021: 230 · 2020: 170 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 13
FWCI: 6.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords: neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease
MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease, Encephalitis, Humans, Cytokines, Neuroimaging

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Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: current evidence and future directions

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