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Cited by 595Cell death mechanisms and regulationCancer-related Molecular PathwaysFlavonoids in Medical Research

Apoptosis: A Comprehensive Overview of Signaling Pathways, Morphological Changes, and Physiological Significance and Therapeutic Implications

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Mustafa, Mohd, Ahmad, Rizwan, Tantry, Irfan Qadir, Ahmad, Waleem, Siddiqui, Sana, Alam, Mudassir, Abbas, Kashif, Moinuddin +3 more·2024·Cells
DOI 10.3390/cells13221838PMC PMC11592877
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Abstract

Cell survival and death are intricately governed by apoptosis, a meticulously controlled programmed cell death. Apoptosis is vital in facilitating embryonic development and maintaining tissue homeostasis and immunological functioning. It is a complex interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways that ultimately converges on executing the apoptotic program. The extrinsic pathway is initiated by the binding of death ligands such as TNF-α and Fas to their respective receptors on the cell surface. In contrast, the intrinsic pathway leads to increased permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane and the release of apoptogenic factors like cytochrome c, which is regulated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Once activated, these pathways lead to a cascade of biochemical events, including caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and the dismantling of cellular components. Dysregulation of apoptosis is implicated in various disorders, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. This article focuses on elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis regulation, to develop targeted therapeutic strategies. Modulating apoptotic pathways holds immense potential in cancer treatment, where promoting apoptosis in malignant cells could lead to tumor regression. This article demonstrates the therapeutic potential of targeting apoptosis, providing options for treating cancer and neurological illnesses. The safety and effectiveness of apoptosis-targeting drugs are being assessed in ongoing preclinical and clinical trials (phase I–III), opening the door for more effective therapeutic approaches and better patient outcomes.

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Authors
Mustafa, M., Ahmad, R., Tantry, I. Q., Ahmad, W., Siddiqui, S., Alam, M., Abbas, K., Moinuddin, Hassan, M. I., Habib, S., & Islam, S.
Affiliations
  • Aligarh Muslim University (IN)
  • University of Kashmir (IN)
  • Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
  • Jamia Millia Islamia (IN)
  • Case Western Reserve University (US)
Corresponding author
  • Habib, Safia
  • Islam, Sidra
ORCID
Venue
Cells
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-11-06
Volume
13
Issue
22
Pages
1838
ISSN
2073-4409 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/cells13221838
PMC
PMC11592877
OpenAlex
W4404146281
Cited by
595
References
11
Citations by year
2026: 343 · 2025: 250 · 2024: 1 · 2020: 1
FWCI
24.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cells (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi (45/24/2022-/BIO/BMS, 2021-13007, DBTHRDPMU/JRF/BET-20/I/2020/AL/16)
  • University Grants Commission (45/24/2022-/BIO/BMS, 2021-13007, DBTHRDPMU/JRF/BET-20/I/2020/AL/16)
  • Center for Regional Biotechnology (45/24/2022-/BIO/BMS, 2021-13007, DBTHRDPMU/JRF/BET-20/I/2020/AL/16)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Flavonoids in Medical Research
Keywords
apoptosis, programmed cell death, mitochondrial apoptosis, extrinsic apoptotic pathway, death receptors, TNF-α, Fas, mitochondrial permeability transition, cytochrome c release, Bcl-2 family proteins, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, cancer therapy, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disease, cardiovascular disease
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Neoplasms, Signal Transduction, Apoptosis

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