Cited by 257Advanced Glycation End Products researchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

Impact of HMGB1, RAGE, and TLR4 in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD): From Risk Factors to Therapeutic Targeting

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Paudel, Yam Nath, Angelopoulou, Efthalia, Piperi, Christina, Othman, Iekhsan, Aamir, Khurram, Shaikh, Mohd. Farooq·2020·Cells

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder and a leading cause of dementia, with accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) as defining pathological features. AD presents a serious global health concern with no cure to date, reflecting the complexity of its pathogenesis. Recent evidence indicates that neuroinflammation serves as the link between amyloid deposition, Tau pathology, and neurodegeneration. The high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, an initiator and activator of neuroinflammatory responses, has been involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. HMGB1 is a typical damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) protein that exerts its biological activity mainly through binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). RAGE and TLR4 are key components of the innate immune system that both bind to HMGB1. Targeting of HMGB1, RAGE, and TLR4 in experimental AD models has demonstrated beneficial effects in halting AD progression by suppressing neuroinflammation, reducing Aβ load and production, improving spatial learning, and inhibiting microglial stimulation. Herein, we discuss the contribution of HMGB1 and its receptor signaling in neuroinflammation and AD pathogenesis, providing evidence of its beneficial effects upon therapeutic targeting.

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Authors
Paudel, Y. N., Angelopoulou, E., Piperi, C., Othman, I., Aamir, K., & Shaikh, M. F.
Affiliations
  • Monash University Malaysia (MY)
  • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
  • Taylor's University (MY)
Corresponding author
  • Paudel, Yam Nath
  • Piperi, Christina
  • Shaikh, Mohd. Farooq
Venue
Cells
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-02-07
Volume
9
Issue
2
Pages
383
ISSN
2073-4409 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3005173199
Cited by
257
References
136
Citations by year
2026: 35 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 2
FWCI
4.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cells (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Monash University
  • Monash University Malaysia
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Advanced Glycation End Products research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, HMGB1, RAGE, TLR4, neuroinflammation, damage-associated molecular patterns, amyloid-beta, neurofibrillary tangles, microglia, innate immunity, therapeutic targeting, neurodegeneration
MeSH terms
Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Humans, Risk Factors, HMGB1 Protein, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Molecular Targeted Therapy

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