Effects of Social Media and Smartphone Use on Body Esteem in Female Adolescents: Testing a Cognitive and Affective Model
Open accessAbstract
We examined the predictive relations of social media and smartphone use to body esteem in female adolescents and the mechanism that underlies these relations. As a result of frequent social media and smartphone use, adolescents are continually exposed to appearance-related media content. This likely reinforces a thin ideal and fosters appearance-based comparison and increases fear of external evaluation. Hence, we investigated a cognitive-affective framework in which the associations of social media and smartphone use with body esteem are serially mediated by cognitive internalization of an ideal body image, appearance comparisons, and social appearance anxiety. By testing female adolescents (N = 100) aged 13 to 18, we found that excessive social media use leads to unhealthy body esteem via intensified cognitive internalization, which aggravates appearance comparisons and anxiety regarding negative appearance evaluation. Further, we found that screen time for specific smartphone activities also harmed body esteem, independent of social media use. However, overall smartphone screen time did not affect body esteem when social media use was taken into consideration. Our findings underscore the multifactor mechanism that elucidates the negative impacts of social media and smartphone activities on body esteem in female adolescents, who are developmentally susceptible to poor body esteem.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 100 female adolescents aged 13–18, excessive social media use (>3 h/day) predicted lower body esteem through serial cognitive-affective mediators: thin-ideal internalization, appearance comparison, and social appearance anxiety. Overall smartphone screen time lost its indirect effect when social media use was controlled, but some specific smartphone activities (browsing websites, listening to music, watching TV shows) remained indirectly associated with poorer body esteem.
Key findings
- Heavy social media use (>3 h/day vs. nonuse) had a significant relative indirect effect on body esteem via internalization, appearance comparison, and social appearance anxiety (B = −0.058, SE = 0.032, 95% CI [−0.131, −0.008]); the direct effect was not significant, indicating full serial mediation.
- The serial path was: social media use → cognitive internalization (B = 0.623, SE = 0.204, p = 0.003) → appearance comparison (B = 1.464, SE = 0.159, p < 0.001) → social appearance anxiety (B = 0.141, SE = 0.050, p = 0.006) → lower body esteem (B = −0.291, SE = 0.057, p < 0.001).
- Overall smartphone use >4 h/day showed a significant indirect effect on body esteem (B = −0.044, SE = 0.027, 95% CI [−0.106, −0.001]), but this became nonsignificant when social media screen time was controlled (B = −0.013, SE = 0.012, 95% CI [−0.041, 0.009]).
- Specific smartphone activities that remained significant after controlling for social media use were browsing websites (B = −0.029, SE = 0.018, 95% CI [−0.069, −0.001]), listening to music (B = −0.028, SE = 0.019, 95% CI [−0.070, −0.001]), and watching TV shows (B = −0.031, SE = 0.017, 95% CI [−0.067, −0.003]); photography and online shopping were not significant.
Methods
- Cross-sectional self-report study of 100 female adolescents aged 13–18 (Mage = 15.07, SD = 1.33), recruited from a local community for a $5 monetary reward; 60% Chinese, 18% Malay, 9% Indian, 13% Other.
- Measures included social media use, overall and specific smartphone screen time, cognitive internalization (SATAQ-3), appearance comparison (PACS-R), social appearance anxiety (SAAS), body esteem (BESAA), weight locus of control, and demographics; covariates were age, household income, BMI, and internal locus of control.
- Serial mediation analyses used the PROCESS macro in SPSS with contrast coding for categorical screen-time variables, 95% confidence intervals based on 5,000 bootstrap samples, and tests of relative indirect effects.
Limitations
- The paper states that the correlational design cannot establish causality or temporal ordering among mediators, and reverse causation is possible (e.g., lower body esteem may drive social media use for validation).
- The paper states that screen time was self-reported and categorical, subject to memory and social-desirability bias; it could not quantify appearance-related exposure or disentangle multitasking, and actual time spent on each activity may be overestimated.
- The paper states the sample was limited to female adolescents and did not control for time of year; evident limitations include the small N = 100 and single local community sample, which restrict generalizability.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 32 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
Cognitive internalization then escalated engagement in appearance comparison (B = 1.422, SE = 0.151, p < 0.001).
“which then escalated their engagement in appearance comparison (B = 1.422, SE = 0.151, p < 0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Appearance comparison subsequently increased social appearance anxiety (B = 0.142, SE = 0.049, p = 0.005).
“and, subsequently, social appearance anxiety (B = 0.142, SE = 0.049, p = 0.005)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social appearance anxiety worsened body esteem (B = −0.291, SE = 0.057, p < 0.001).
“which in turn worsened body esteem (B = −0.291, SE = 0.057, p < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Heavy smartphone screen time of more than 4 h indirectly influenced body esteem via cognitive internalization and engagement in comparison behaviors (B = −0.137, SE = 0.075, 95% CI [−0.299, −0.012]).
“our analyses of nested models revealed two significant serial mediation models in which heavy smartphone screen time of more than 4 h indirectly influenced body esteem via (a) cognitive internalization and engagement in comparison behaviors (B = −0.137, SE = 0.075, 95% CI [−0.299, −0.012])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Excessive smartphone use significantly strengthened cognitive internalization of an ideal body image (B = 0.455, SE = 0.232, p = 0.05).
“excessive smartphone use significantly strengthened cognitive internalization of an ideal body image (B = 0.455, SE = 0.232, p = 0.05)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Overall smartphone screen time did not affect body esteem when social media use was taken into consideration.
“However, overall smartphone screen time did not affect body esteem when social media use was taken into consideration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Heavy smartphone screen time of more than 4 h indirectly influenced body esteem via cognitive internalization and social appearance anxiety (B = −0.079, SE = 0.047, 95% CI [−0.187, −0.006]).
“or (b) cognitive internalization and social appearance anxiety (B = −0.079, SE = 0.047, 95% CI [−0.187, −0.006])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The effect size for online comparisons was larger than for offline comparisons in the serial mediation of heavy social media use on body esteem.
“relative indirect effects were significant in both models, with a larger effect size for online comparisons (B = −0.063, SE = 0.035, 95% CI [−0.139, −0.007]) than for offline comparisons (B = −0.045, SE = 0.028 95% CI [−0.110, −0.002]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Appearance-related comparisons increased social appearance anxiety (B = 0.141, SE = 0.050, p = 0.006).
“and then social appearance anxiety (B = 0.141, SE = 0.050, p = 0.006)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Overall smartphone screen time had a relative indirect effect on body esteem only for participants whose daily smartphone usage was more than 4 h compared with the reference group (less than 1 h) (B = −0.044, SE = 0.027, 95% CI [−0.106, −0.001]).
“we found a relative indirect effect of overall smartphone screen time on body esteem (B = −0.044, SE = 0.027, 95% CI [−0.106, −0.001]) only for participants whose daily smartphone usage was more than 4 h compared with the reference group (less than 1 h”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Lower levels of social media screen time (less than 3 h a day) did not show significant relative indirect effects on body esteem.
“Lower levels of social media screen time (less than 3 h a day) also did not show significant relative indirect effects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Daily smartphone use of less than 3 h did not show significant relative indirect effects on body esteem.
“Moreover, daily smartphone use of less than 3 h did not show significant relative indirect effects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The relative direct effect of excessive smartphone use on body esteem was not significant.
“Given that the relative direct effect was not significant”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The relative indirect effect of heavy social media use on body esteem via online comparisons was significant (B = −0.063, SE = 0.035, 95% CI [−0.139, −0.007]).
“relative indirect effects were significant in both models, with a larger effect size for online comparisons (B = −0.063, SE = 0.035, 95% CI [−0.139, −0.007])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Heavy social media consumption (more than 3 h daily) indirectly influenced body esteem via cognitive internalization and social appearance anxiety (B = −0.104, SE = 0.057, 95% CI [−0.241, −0.020]).
“or (b) cognitive internalization and social appearance anxiety (B = −0.104, SE = 0.057, 95% CI [−0.241, −0.020])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The relative indirect effect of heavy social media use on body esteem via offline comparisons was significant (B = −0.045, SE = 0.028, 95% CI [−0.110, −0.002]).
“than for offline comparisons (B = −0.045, SE = 0.028 95% CI [−0.110, −0.002])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Heavy social media use (more than 3 h daily) positively contributed to cognitive internalization of an ideal body image (B = 0.623, SE = 0.204, p = 0.003).
“heavy social media use positively contributed to cognitive internalization of an ideal body image (B = 0.623, SE = 0.204, p = 0.003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The relative direct effect of heavy social media use on body esteem was not significant (B = −0.071, SE = 0.083, 95% CI [−0.236, 0.094]).
“In contrast, the relative direct effect was not significant (B = −0.071, SE = 0.083, 95% CI [−0.236, 0.094])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Heavy social media consumption (more than 3 h daily) indirectly influenced body esteem via cognitive internalization and engagement in appearance comparisons (B = −0.203, SE = 0.086, 95% CI [−0.391, −0.054]).
“we identified two significant serial mediation models in which heavy social media consumption (of more than 3 h daily) indirectly influenced body esteem via (a) cognitive internalization and engagement in appearance comparisons (B = −0.203, SE = 0.086, 95% CI [−0.391, −0.054])”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Social appearance anxiety translated into lower body esteem (B = −0.307, SE = 0.056, p < 0.001).
“This in turn translated into lower body esteem (B = −0.307, SE = 0.056, p < 0.001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Screen time for specific smartphone activities harmed body esteem, independent of social media use.
“Further, we found that screen time for specific smartphone activities also harmed body esteem, independent of social media use.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Cognitive internalization enhanced engagement in appearance-related comparisons (B = 1.464, SE = 0.159, p < 0.001).
“This subsequently enhanced engagement in appearance-related comparisons (B = 1.464, SE = 0.159, p < 0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Neither online nor offline comparisons upheld the mediational relations between smartphone use and body esteem.
“Further, neither online nor offline comparisons upheld the mediational relations between smartphone use and body esteem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
None of the nested mediational models were significant.
“None of the nested mediational models were found to be significant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Both online and real-life comparisons account for the mediational relations between excessive social media use and body esteem.
“In line with this notion, we found that both online and real-life comparisons (e.g., viewing peers as desirable targets for upward comparison) account for the mediational relations between excessive social media use and body esteem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Photography failed to affect body esteem (B = −0.043, SE = 0.057, 95% CI [−0.169, 0.064]).
“In contrast, photography and online shopping failed to affect body esteem (Bphoto = −0.043, SE = 0.057, 95% CI [−0.169, 0.064]; Bshopping = 0.005, SE = 0.056, 95% CI [−0.123, 0.105]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Listening to music indirectly impacted body esteem (B = −0.056, SE = 0.033, 95% CI [−0.132, −0.007]).
“We also found that listening to music, texting, and emailing indirectly impacted body esteem (Bmusic = −0.056, SE = 0.033, 95% CI [−0.132, −0.007]; Bmessaging = −0.050, SE = 0.027, 95% CI [−0.112, −0.007]; Bemailing = −0.092, SE = 0.055, 95% CI [−0.213, −0.002]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Browsing websites showed a significant indirect effect on body esteem via cognitive internalization, appearance comparisons, and social appearance anxiety (B = −0.057, SE = 0.029, 95% CI [−0.119, −0.008]).
“we found that browsing websites and watching TV shows—which often feature appearance-related content, such as thin models or celebrities who embody ideal standards of attractiveness—showed significant indirect effects on body esteem via cognitive internalization, appearance comparisons, and social appearance anxiety (Bbrowsing = −0.057, SE = 0.029, 95% CI [−0.119, −0.008]; Bshows = −0.063, SE = 0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Browsing websites and watching TV shows often feature appearance-related content, such as thin models or celebrities who embody ideal standards of attractiveness.
- Findingown data
Texting indirectly impacted body esteem (B = −0.050, SE = 0.027, 95% CI [−0.112, −0.007]).
“We also found that listening to music, texting, and emailing indirectly impacted body esteem (Bmusic = −0.056, SE = 0.033, 95% CI [−0.132, −0.007]; Bmessaging = −0.050, SE = 0.027, 95% CI [−0.112, −0.007]; Bemailing = −0.092, SE = 0.055, 95% CI [−0.213, −0.002]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Emailing did not affect body esteem when controlling for social media screen time.
“However, texting and emailing did not affect body esteem, which suggests that the previously significant indirect effects of these smartphone activities could be attributed to social media screen time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Texting did not affect body esteem when controlling for social media screen time.
“However, texting and emailing did not affect body esteem, which suggests that the previously significant indirect effects of these smartphone activities could be attributed to social media screen time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Emailing indirectly impacted body esteem (B = −0.092, SE = 0.055, 95% CI [−0.213, −0.002]).
“We also found that listening to music, texting, and emailing indirectly impacted body esteem (Bmusic = −0.056, SE = 0.033, 95% CI [−0.132, −0.007]; Bmessaging = −0.050, SE = 0.027, 95% CI [−0.112, −0.007]; Bemailing = −0.092, SE = 0.055, 95% CI [−0.213, −0.002]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When controlling for overall social media screen time and covariates (age, household income, BMI, internal locus of control), the relative indirect effect of excessive smartphone screen time on body esteem was not significant (B = −0.013, SE = 0.012, 95% CI [−0.041, 0.009]).
“Contrary to the findings reported above, we found that the relative indirect effect of excessive smartphone screen time was no longer significant (B = −0.013, SE = 0.012, 95% CI [−0.041, 0.009]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Smartphone screen time excluding social media had a null relation with cognitive internalization (B = 0.225, SE = 0.259, p = 0.389).
“Consistent with our hypothesis, the lack of relative indirect effect could be attributed to the null relation between smartphone screen time (excluding social media) and cognitive internalization (B = 0.225, SE = 0.259, p = 0.389).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When controlling for social media screen time and covariates, browsing websites had a significant relative indirect effect on body esteem (B = −0.029, SE = 0.018, 95% CI [−0.069, −0.001]).
“Of the five smartphone activities that have shown significant relevance to body esteem, only three (browsing websites, listening to music, and watching TV shows) survived and influenced body esteem, independent of social media use, as indicated by significant relative indirect effects on body esteem when social media screen time was controlled for (Bbrowsing = −0.029, SE = 0.018, 95% CI [−0.069, −”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Watching TV shows showed a significant indirect effect on body esteem via cognitive internalization, appearance comparisons, and social appearance anxiety (B = −0.063, SE = 0.029, 95% CI [−0.125, −0.011]).
“we found that browsing websites and watching TV shows—which often feature appearance-related content, such as thin models or celebrities who embody ideal standards of attractiveness—showed significant indirect effects on body esteem via cognitive internalization, appearance comparisons, and social appearance anxiety (Bbrowsing = −0.057, SE = 0.029, 95% CI [−0.119, −0.008]; Bshows = −0.063, SE = 0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Browsing websites and watching TV shows often feature appearance-related content, such as thin models or celebrities who embody ideal standards of attractiveness.
- Findingown data
When social media screen time was controlled for, smartphone screen time had a null effect on body esteem.
“Specifically, when social media screen time was controlled for, we found a null effect of smartphone screen time on body esteem; this suggests that these smartphone activities, which exclude the use of social media, do not necessarily affect body esteem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Watching TV shows had a significant relative indirect effect on body esteem independent of social media screen time (B = −0.031, SE = 0.017, 95% CI [−0.067, −0.003]).
“Of the five smartphone activities that have shown significant relevance to body esteem, only three (browsing websites, listening to music, and watching TV shows) survived and influenced body esteem, independent of social media use, as indicated by significant relative indirect effects on body esteem when social media screen time was controlled for (Bbrowsing = −0.029, SE = 0.018, 95% CI [−0.069, −”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Listening to music had a significant relative indirect effect on body esteem independent of social media screen time (B = −0.028, SE = 0.019, 95% CI [−0.070, −0.001]).
“Of the five smartphone activities that have shown significant relevance to body esteem, only three (browsing websites, listening to music, and watching TV shows) survived and influenced body esteem, independent of social media use, as indicated by significant relative indirect effects on body esteem when social media screen time was controlled for (Bbrowsing = −0.029, SE = 0.018, 95% CI [−0.069, −”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Online shopping failed to affect body esteem (B = 0.005, SE = 0.056, 95% CI [−0.123, 0.105]).
“In contrast, photography and online shopping failed to affect body esteem (Bphoto = −0.043, SE = 0.057, 95% CI [−0.169, 0.064]; Bshopping = 0.005, SE = 0.056, 95% CI [−0.123, 0.105]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Social media use significantly predicts depressive symptomatology in adolescents.
“social media use has been shown to significantly predict depressive symptomatology in adolescents [30].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Keles, 2020, A systematic review: The influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents, Int. J. Adolesc. Youth source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Cognitive internalization of thin ideals is the key first-order mediator in manifesting the negative influence of heavy smartphone consumption on body esteem in female adolescents.
“The results highlight the key role of cognitive internalization of thin ideals, as the first-order mediator, in manifesting the negative influence of heavy smartphone consumption on body esteem in female adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional serial mediation model can support causal inferences about the direction of effects from social media/smartphone use to body esteem.
- Rests on an assumption: The serial ordering of mediators (cognitive internalization → appearance comparison → social appearance anxiety → body esteem) is the correct causal order.
- Premisecitation
Frequency of social media use is, for the most part, negatively associated with body image and disordered eating.
“a meta-analysis study [18] showed that frequency of social media use, for the most part, is negatively associated with body image and disordered eating.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [18] Holland, 2016, A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes, Body Image source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Female adolescents are significantly more vulnerable to poor body esteem than male counterparts due to puberty-related physical changes that depart from societal thin ideals.
“Compared with their male counterparts, female adolescents are significantly more vulnerable to poor body esteem due to puberty-related physical changes that depart from societal thin ideals (e.g., more visible body fat) [34].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] Cash, T.F., and Pruzinsky, T. (2002). Body image development in adolescence. Body Image: A Handbook of Theory, Research and Clinical Practice, Guilford.
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The proposed mediators fully mediated the effect of excessive smartphone use on body esteem.
“our proposed mediators fully mediated the effect of excessive smartphone use on body esteem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional serial mediation model can support causal inferences about the direction of effects from social media/smartphone use to body esteem.
- Rests on an assumption: The serial ordering of mediators (cognitive internalization → appearance comparison → social appearance anxiety → body esteem) is the correct causal order.
- Premisecitation
Frequent engagement with social networking sites, especially highly visual, image-focused platforms, reinforces the thin ideal.
“frequent engagement with social networking sites, especially highly visual, image-focused platforms (including Facebook and Instagram), reinforces the thin ideal [9,10].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationown data
Cognitive internalization of thin ideals is the main first-order mediator in manifesting the negative influence of heavy social media use on body esteem in female adolescents.
“The results highlight the crucial role of cognitive internalization of thin ideals, as the main first-order mediator, in manifesting the negative influence of heavy social media use on body esteem in female adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional serial mediation model can support causal inferences about the direction of effects from social media/smartphone use to body esteem.
- Rests on an assumption: The serial ordering of mediators (cognitive internalization → appearance comparison → social appearance anxiety → body esteem) is the correct causal order.
- Premisecitation
Frequent engagement with social networking sites poses a significant risk for adolescents in terms of body and weight dissatisfaction.
“and thereby poses a significant risk for adolescents in terms of body and weight dissatisfaction [2,11,12].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [2] Marengo, 2018, Highly-visual social media and internalizing symptoms in adolescence: The mediating role of body image concerns, Comput. Hum. Behav. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [11] Peter, 2016, Adolescents’ Social Network Site Use, Peer Appearance-Related Feedback, and Body Dissatisfaction: Testing a Mediation Model, J. Youth Adolesc. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [12] Tiggemann, 2013, NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls, Int. J. Eat. Disord. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Only excessive social media use (more than 3 h daily) gives rise to poorer body esteem outcomes in female adolescents.
“These results suggest that only excessive social media use (more than 3 h daily) gives rise to poorer body esteem outcomes in female adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional serial mediation model can support causal inferences about the direction of effects from social media/smartphone use to body esteem.
- Rests on an assumption: The serial ordering of mediators (cognitive internalization → appearance comparison → social appearance anxiety → body esteem) is the correct causal order.
- Interpretationown data
The effect of heavy social media use on body esteem was fully serially mediated via cognitive and emotional factors.
“which indicates full serial mediation via cognitive and emotional factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional serial mediation model can support causal inferences about the direction of effects from social media/smartphone use to body esteem.
- Rests on an assumption: The serial ordering of mediators (cognitive internalization → appearance comparison → social appearance anxiety → body esteem) is the correct causal order.
- Interpretationown data
Only excessive levels of smartphone consumption (above 4 h daily) engender poorer body esteem in female adolescents.
“These results suggest that only excessive levels of smartphone consumption (above 4 h daily) engender poorer body esteem in female adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional serial mediation model can support causal inferences about the direction of effects from social media/smartphone use to body esteem.
- Rests on an assumption: The serial ordering of mediators (cognitive internalization → appearance comparison → social appearance anxiety → body esteem) is the correct causal order.
- Interpretationown data
Excessive social media use (more than 3 h daily) negatively impacts body esteem in female adolescents.
“Our study demonstrates that excessive social media use (more than 3 h daily) negatively impacts body esteem in female adolescents, whereas overall smartphone use does not exert any effect when social media screen time is taken into consideration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
It is difficult to establish a causal relation between indices of social media and smartphone activities and body esteem due to the correlational nature of the analysis.
“First, notwithstanding the use of a mediational analysis, it is difficult to establish a causal relation between indices of social media and smartphone activities and body esteem due to the correlational nature of the analysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
These cognitive comparison processes foster greater anxiety regarding appearance-related negative evaluation by others and one's perceived inadequacies.
“Consequently, these cognitive comparison processes foster greater anxiety regarding appearance-related negative evaluation by others and one’s perceived inadequacies—which, in turn, impairs body esteem in female adolescents”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The significant indirect relation between excessive smartphone use and body esteem can be ascribed to social media use that engenders cognitive internalization of a thin ideal.
“These findings suggest that the significant indirect relation between excessive smartphone use and body esteem can be ascribed to social media use that engenders cognitive internalization of a thin ideal.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Three key serial mediators-cognitive internalization of ideal body standards, engagement in appearance comparison, and social appearance anxiety-undergird the pathways between heavy social media use and certain smartphone activities and body esteem.
“Notably, we identified three key serial mediators—cognitive internalization of ideal body standards, engagement in appearance comparison, and social appearance anxiety—that undergird the pathways between heavy social media use and certain smartphone activities and body esteem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Social media screen time, rather than general smartphone use, has a critical impact on body esteem in adolescent girls.
“Our study demonstrates that it is social media screen time, rather than general smartphone use, that has a critical impact on body esteem in adolescent girls.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Dion et al. found a greater prevalence of body dissatisfaction (wanting to be thinner) in females from age 14 to 18.
“Dion et al. [24] found a greater prevalence of body dissatisfaction (wanting to be thinner) in females from age 14 to 18.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Dion, 2014, Development and aetiology of body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls, Int. J. Adolesc. Youth source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Excessive screen time for browsing websites, listening to music, and watching TV shows still harms body esteem above and beyond the impact of social media use.
“Our results suggest that the excessive screen time for these three smartphone activities still harm body esteem, above and beyond the impact of social media use.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Listening to music has the potential to impact body esteem within the cognitive-affective framework.
“our finding suggests that listening to music has the potential to impact body esteem within our cognitive-affective framework.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
This cognitive internalization incites upward social comparison in order to determine one's social and personal worth.
“Specifically, female adolescents’ extensive use of social media and appearance-related smartphone activities (browsing websites, listening to music, and watching TV shows) intensify cognitive internalization of thin-ideal standards and internal pressures to strive for unattainable beauty standards, which in turn incites upward social comparison in order to determine one’s social and personal worth”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] Sherlock, 2019, Exploring the relationship between frequency of Instagram use, exposure to idealized images, and psychological well-being in women, Psychol. Popul. Media Cult. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Female adolescents' extensive use of social media and appearance-related smartphone activities (browsing websites, listening to music, and watching TV shows) intensify cognitive internalization of thin-ideal standards and internal pressures to strive for unattainable beauty standards.
“Specifically, female adolescents’ extensive use of social media and appearance-related smartphone activities (browsing websites, listening to music, and watching TV shows) intensify cognitive internalization of thin-ideal standards and internal pressures to strive for unattainable beauty standards, which in turn incites upward social comparison in order to determine one’s social and personal worth”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] Sherlock, 2019, Exploring the relationship between frequency of Instagram use, exposure to idealized images, and psychological well-being in women, Psychol. Popul. Media Cult. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The previously significant indirect effects of texting and emailing could be attributed to social media screen time.
“However, texting and emailing did not affect body esteem, which suggests that the previously significant indirect effects of these smartphone activities could be attributed to social media screen time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Taking photos is unlikely to influence body esteem.
“Considering that in general, taking photos can be regarded as a creative and invigorating activity that can divert adolescents from appearance-related media content, it is unlikely to influence body esteem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Taking photos can be regarded as a creative and invigorating activity that can divert adolescents from appearance-related media content.
- Interpretationown data
General smartphone screen time without social media usage does not necessarily fortify cognitive internalization of thin ideals.
“These findings suggest that since social networking is one of the most frequent smartphone activities, general smartphone screen time without social media usage does not necessarily fortify cognitive internalization of thin ideals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Social networking is one of the most frequent smartphone activities.
- Interpretationcitation
This social appearance anxiety impairs body esteem in female adolescents.
“Consequently, these cognitive comparison processes foster greater anxiety regarding appearance-related negative evaluation by others and one’s perceived inadequacies—which, in turn, impairs body esteem in female adolescents”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] Davison, 2006, Adolescent Body Image and Psychosocial Functioning, J. Soc. Psychol. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Specific smartphone activities (browsing websites, listening to music, and watching TV shows) indirectly impact body esteem above and beyond social media screen time.
“Further, we identified specific smartphone activities (i.e., browsing websites, listening to music, and watching TV shows) that indirectly impact body esteem above and beyond social media screen time, suggesting that not only social media activities, but also appearance-related smartphone activities, are important determinants of body esteem in female adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Cognitive internalization via social media use is linked to both online and offline channels for social comparison that negatively impact body esteem via appearance anxiety.
“Our results expand on previous studies by showing that cognitive internalization via social media use is linked to both online and offline channels for social comparison that negatively impact body esteem [60] via appearance anxiety.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60] Jones, 2004, Body Image among Adolescent Girls and Boys: A Longitudinal Study, Dev. Psychol. source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Overall smartphone use does not exert any effect on body esteem when social media screen time is taken into consideration.
“Our study demonstrates that excessive social media use (more than 3 h daily) negatively impacts body esteem in female adolescents, whereas overall smartphone use does not exert any effect when social media screen time is taken into consideration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The cognitive internalization scale showed excellent reliability (α = 0.96).
“The scale showed excellent reliability (α = 0.96).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Female adolescents display heightened sensitivity to body-related pressure from the media, which prominently convey a culture of thinness.
“female adolescents display heightened sensitivity to body-related pressure from the media, which prominently convey a “culture of thinness” [8,10].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [8] Ata, 2007, The Effects of Gender and Family, Friend, and Media Influences on Eating Behaviors and Body Image During Adolescence, J. Youth Adolesc. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [10] Tiggemann, 2010, The Internet and Adolescent Girls’ Weight Satisfaction and Drive for Thinness, Sex Roles source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Only selective smartphone activities that involve appearance-related content indirectly impact body esteem through the cognitive and affective framework.
“Consistent in part with the results for social media use, our findings suggest that only selective smartphone activities, which involve appearance-related content, indirectly impact body esteem through our cognitive and affective framework.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Smartphone activities that exclude the use of social media do not necessarily affect body esteem.
“Specifically, when social media screen time was controlled for, we found a null effect of smartphone screen time on body esteem; this suggests that these smartphone activities, which exclude the use of social media, do not necessarily affect body esteem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The study does not permit ascertaining a temporal relationship between mediators.
“Further, our study does not permit us to ascertain a temporal relationship between mediators.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 17
- May combine two claims. 13
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationInternalization of thin ideals and appearance comparisons mediated the effect of appearance exposure via media consumption on poor body image outcomes.
“Tiggemann and Miller [10] found that internalization of thin ideals and appearance comparisons mediated the effect of appearance exposure via media consumption (i.e., the internet and magazines) on poor body image outcomes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Tiggemann, 2010, The Internet and Adolescent Girls’ Weight Satisfaction and Drive for Thinness, Sex Roles source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationSocial appearance anxiety negatively influences the evaluation of one's body, as reflected in greater body dissatisfaction, unhealthy eating attitudes, and eating pathology symptoms.
“Levinson and Rodebaugh [53], found that social appearance anxiety negatively influences the evaluation of one’s body, as reflected in greater body dissatisfaction, unhealthy eating attitudes, and eating pathology symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [53] Levinson, 2012, Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity: The role of negative social evaluation fears, Eat. Behav. source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationBaseline internalization of media-induced ideals longitudinally predicted social appearance comparison in adolescent females.
“Rodgers, McLean, and Paxton [44] found that baseline internalization of media-induced ideals longitudinally predicted social appearance comparison in adolescent females.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [44] Rodgers, 2015, Longitudinal relationships among internalization of the media ideal, peer social comparison, and body dissatisfaction: Implications for the tripartite influence model, Dev. Psychol. source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLongitudinal studies have demonstrated that females are likely to experience moderate to sharp declines in body esteem around the ages of 10 to 13 years, but their body esteem stabilizes by age 20.
“longitudinal studies have demonstrated that females are likely to experience moderate to sharp declines in body esteem around the ages of 10 to 13 years, but their body esteem stabilizes by age 20 [22,23].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [22] Lunde, 2007, Ten-year-old girls’ and boys’ body composition and peer victimization experiences: Prospective associations with body satisfaction, Body Image source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [23] Nelson, 2018, Identity and the body: Trajectories of body esteem from adolescence to emerging adulthood, Dev. Psychol. source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationConcerns about others' negative appearance-based evaluation play a crucial role in determining body-related self-worth, which can outweigh one's own judgments of her body.
“As Davison and McCabe [35] have shown, concerns about others’ negative appearance-based evaluation play a crucial role in determining body-related self-worth, which can outweigh one’s own judgments of her body.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] Davison, 2006, Adolescent Body Image and Psychosocial Functioning, J. Soc. Psychol. source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPeer appearance comparisons fully mediated the effects of social media activities (photo browsing and editing on Instagram) on body esteem.
“Chang et al. [27] demonstrated that peer appearance comparisons fully mediated the effects of social media activities (i.e., photo browsing and editing on Instagram) on body esteem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Chang, 2019, A study of Singapore adolescent girls’ selfie practices, peer appearance comparisons, and body esteem on Instagram, Body Image source
Not checked in the free run.
The quote only partly states this claim.
Interpretationown dataExcessive social media use (more than 3 h daily) leads to poorer body esteem in female adolescents via serial mediation through cognitive internalization of thin ideals, appearance comparisons, and social appearance anxiety.
“we found that excessive social media use leads to unhealthy body esteem via intensified cognitive internalization, which aggravates appearance comparisons and anxiety regarding negative appearance evaluation.”
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Social Media Screen Time · hedged
“These results suggest that only excessive social media use (more than 3 h daily) gives rise to poorer body esteem outcomes in female adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The cross-sectional serial mediation model can support causal inferences about the direction of effects from social media/smartphone use to body esteem.
- Rests on an assumption: The serial ordering of mediators (cognitive internalization → appearance comparison → social appearance anxiety → body esteem) is the correct causal order.
- Also stated in: § 4.1. Social Media Screen Time · hedged
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSocial media use and appearance-related exposure to the internet reinforce the internalization of thin ideals, which in turn promotes body dissatisfaction.
“previous studies suggest that social media use [26,29] and appearance-related exposure to the internet [10] reinforce the internalization of thin ideals, which would in turn promote body dissatisfaction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [26] Meier, 2014, Facebook Photo Activity Associated with Body Image Disturbance in Adolescent Girls, Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [29] Rodgers, 2020, A Biopsychosocial Model of Social Media Use and Body Image Concerns, Disordered Eating, and Muscle-Building Behaviors among Adolescent Girls and Boys, J. Youth Adolesc. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [10] Tiggemann, 2010, The Internet and Adolescent Girls’ Weight Satisfaction and Drive for Thinness, Sex Roles source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).
PremisecitationInternalization of thin ideals and appearance comparison mediate the association of social media use with body dissatisfaction in adolescents.
“Rodgers et al. [29] propose a biopsychosocial model in which the internalization of thin ideals and appearance comparison mediate the association of social media use with body dissatisfaction in adolescents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Rodgers, 2020, A Biopsychosocial Model of Social Media Use and Body Image Concerns, Disordered Eating, and Muscle-Building Behaviors among Adolescent Girls and Boys, J. Youth Adolesc. source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdolescent girls are considerably more prone to negative body evaluations and heightened self-consciousness about others' evaluations of their bodies than adolescent boys.
“cross-sectional studies have shown that adolescent girls are considerably more prone to negative body evaluations and heightened self-consciousness about others’ evaluations of their bodies than adolescent boys [35].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] Davison, 2006, Adolescent Body Image and Psychosocial Functioning, J. Soc. Psychol. source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFemale adolescents are more likely to compare their bodies to others and engage in appearance-focused conversations or commentary than their male counterparts, which, in turn, engender poorer body esteem.
“female adolescents are more likely to compare their bodies to others and engage in appearance-focused conversations or commentary than their male counterparts, which, in turn, engender poorer body esteem [22,36].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [22] Lunde, 2007, Ten-year-old girls’ and boys’ body composition and peer victimization experiences: Prospective associations with body satisfaction, Body Image source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [36] Jones, 2001, Social Comparison and Body Image: Attractiveness Comparisons to Models and Peers among Adolescent Girls and Boys, Sex Roles source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningReverse causation is possible such that individuals who suffer from lower body esteem may use social media and smartphones to seek external validation and assurance.
“Although we posit that social media and smartphone use leads to poorer body esteem, reverse causation is still possible such that individuals who suffer from lower body esteem may use social media and smartphones to seek external validation and assurance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningSmartphone and social media screen time was assessed by self-report measures (with categorical responses), which are subject to potential memory errors or social desirability bias.
“Second, given that smartphone and social media screen time was assessed by self-report measures (with categorical responses), which are subject to potential memory errors or social desirability bias, future studies should replicate our findings by using an objective measure that quantifies screen time in a continuous and more precise fashion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe findings are silent regarding the specific extent of appearance-related exposure implicated in the identified smartphone activities.
“Third, although we identified specific smartphone activities (browsing websites, listening to music, and watching TV shows) that indirectly impact body esteem above and beyond social media use, our findings are still silent regarding the specific extent of appearance-related exposure implicated in those activities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataCollinearity statistics did not show any evidence of multicollinearity.
“Collinearity statistics did not show any evidence of multicollinearity”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSocial media use likely influences not only one's online networking but also real-world social exchanges.
“Further, given that social media activities largely center on appearance-focused interactions with one’s social network (e.g., sharing and giving feedback on posted content), social media use likely influences not only one’s online networking but also real-world social exchanges.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Social media activities largely center on appearance-focused interactions with one’s social network.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataCognitive internalization of ideal body standards plays a central role in enacting upward appearance comparison and social appearance anxiety, which subsequently leads to unhealthy body esteem.
“Our results from nested mediation models call attention to the central role of cognitive internalization of ideal body standards in enacting upward appearance comparison and social appearance anxiety, which subsequently leads to unhealthy body esteem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe social appearance anxiety scale demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.94).
“Good internal consistency was demonstrated (α = 0.94) [57].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [57] Claes, 2012, Validation of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale in Female Eating Disorder Patients, Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationIn all analyses, the authors controlled for key covariates of age, income, body mass index (BMI), and internal locus of control over one's body.
“In all analyses, we controlled for key covariates of age, income, body mass index (BMI), and internal locus of control over one’s body”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningAdolescents have limited access and exposure to appearance-highlighting content on online shopping due to limited spending capacity, explaining the null effect on body esteem.
“As for online shopping, although browsing apparel or cosmetics tends to involve exposure to appearance-highlighting content, adolescents—who may not have sufficient spending capacity—would have limited access and exposure to such content, thus explaining the null effect on body esteem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents may not have sufficient spending capacity, so they would have limited access and exposure to appearance-highlighting content on online shopping.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe body esteem scale subscales demonstrated high internal consistency: appearance α = 0.92; attribution α = 0.81; weight α = 0.94.
“The three subscales demonstrated high internal consistency: appearance (general feelings about appearance; α = 0.92); attribution (evaluation attributed to others about one’s body and appearance; α = 0.81); and weight (weight satisfaction; α = 0.94).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe social comparison scale showed high reliability (α = 0.97).
“Participants’ responses were averaged to index overall social comparison, either online or offline (α = 0.97).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataNot only social media activities, but also appearance-related smartphone activities, are important determinants of body esteem in female adolescents.
“Further, we identified specific smartphone activities (i.e., browsing websites, listening to music, and watching TV shows) that indirectly impact body esteem above and beyond social media screen time, suggesting that not only social media activities, but also appearance-related smartphone activities, are important determinants of body esteem in female adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe weight locus of control scale showed good reliability (α = 0.81).
“The scale showed good reliability (α = 0.81).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningFemale adolescents' internalization of ideal thinness enforced by social media escalates unhealthy comparison patterns, even outside of screen time, thus harming their body esteem.
“This suggests that female adolescents’ internalization of ideal thinness enforced by social media escalates unhealthy comparison patterns, even outside of screen time, thus harming their body esteem.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe use of a self-reported measure to assess daily frequency of social networking sites meant the study was unable to specify time spent on multitasking activities, and actual time spent on each smartphone activity could have been overestimated.
“Fourth, given that we used a self-reported measure to assess daily frequency with which participants engage in social networking sites, we were unable to specify time spent on multitasking activities (e.g., accessing social media while listening to music) and thus actual time spent on each smartphone activity could have been overestimated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningThe sample was limited to female adolescents due to their greater susceptibility to body esteem concerns as a result of social comparisons and body-related evaluations.
“Fifth, our sample was limited to female adolescents due to their greater susceptibility to body esteem concerns as a result of social comparisons and body-related evaluations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe study did not control for the time of year when social media and smartphone usage was assessed, raising the question whether participants' responses reflect their normal usage.
“Lastly, given that we did not control for the time of year when social media and smartphone usage was assessed, a question arises whether participants’ response reflects their normal usage; note that it is plausible that events such as important exams or other academic stress could have suppressed or magnified participants’ media consumption.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSmartphone use is habitual and generally time invariant and thereby does not significantly change in accordance with life events.
“However, this is less likely since the ligature suggests that smartphone use is habitual and generally time invariant [67,68] and thereby does not significantly change in accordance with life events.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [67] Elhai, 2018, Depression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week, Personal. Individ. Differ. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [68] Rozgonjuk, 2018, The association between problematic smartphone use, depression and anxiety symptom severity, and objectively measured smartphone use over one week, Comput. Hum. Behav. source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
A unified theoretical framework integrating cognitive and emotional factors to delineate the associations of social media and smartphone use with body-related outcomes has received relatively little attention.
“Despite the vital implication of emotional factors, however, relatively little attention has been paid to investigating a unified theoretical framework that comprehensively integrates cognitive and emotional factors to delineate the associations of social media and smartphone use with body-related outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' self-reported estimates of average daily smartphone and social media screen time accurately reflect their actual usage.
“We assessed overall smartphone screen time by asking participants to estimate the average amount of time they spent on their smartphones per day.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cross-sectional serial mediation model can support causal inferences about the direction of effects from social media/smartphone use to body esteem.
“we found that excessive social media use leads to unhealthy body esteem via intensified cognitive internalization”
The paper relies on this without support.
The serial ordering of mediators (cognitive internalization → appearance comparison → social appearance anxiety → body esteem) is the correct causal order.
“we investigated a cognitive-affective framework in which the associations of social media and smartphone use with body esteem are serially mediated by cognitive internalization of an ideal body image, appearance comparisons, and social appearance anxiety.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of 100 female adolescents from a local community is representative of female adolescents generally.
“We recruited 100 female adolescents aged 13 to 18 (Mage = 15.07 years, SD = 1.33)—which is a critical age window during which female adolescents are particularly susceptible to poor body esteem [10,34], and eating-related psychopathology [38]—from a local community in exchange for a monetary reward.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social networking is one of the most frequent smartphone activities.
“These findings suggest that since social networking is one of the most frequent smartphone activities, general smartphone screen time without social media usage does not necessarily fortify cognitive internalization of thin ideals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Browsing websites and watching TV shows often feature appearance-related content, such as thin models or celebrities who embody ideal standards of attractiveness.
“we found that browsing websites and watching TV shows—which often feature appearance-related content, such as thin models or celebrities who embody ideal standards of attractiveness—showed significant indirect effects on body esteem via cognitive internalization, appearance comparisons, and social appearance anxiety”
The paper relies on this without support.
Taking photos can be regarded as a creative and invigorating activity that can divert adolescents from appearance-related media content.
“Considering that in general, taking photos can be regarded as a creative and invigorating activity that can divert adolescents from appearance-related media content, it is unlikely to influence body esteem.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescents may not have sufficient spending capacity, so they would have limited access and exposure to appearance-highlighting content on online shopping.
“As for online shopping, although browsing apparel or cosmetics tends to involve exposure to appearance-highlighting content, adolescents—who may not have sufficient spending capacity—would have limited access and exposure to such content, thus explaining the null effect on body esteem.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social media activities largely center on appearance-focused interactions with one’s social network.
“Further, given that social media activities largely center on appearance-focused interactions with one’s social network (e.g., sharing and giving feedback on posted content), social media use likely influences not only one’s online networking but also real-world social exchanges.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Three cross-sectional studies found that time spent on social media was associated with body image dissatisfaction via the mediating pathways of social comparison and thin ideal internalisation.
“Three cross-sectional studies discovered that time spent on social media was associated with body image dissatisfaction via the mediating pathways of social comparison and thin ideal internalisation [51–53], indicating that the relationship between exposure and outcome is more nuanced than the mere number of hours spent online.”
From The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
Results §4.1 reports an indirect association between social-media screen time and poorer body esteem through thin-ideal internalization and appearance comparison in female adolescents. However, the significant association was limited to use exceeding three hours daily compared with nonuse; lower screen-time categories showed no significant indirect effect. The Discussion describes the analysis as correlational, consistent with the claim’s cross-sectional framing. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredComparisons on social media tended to be 'upward' and yielded feelings of inadequacy and self-loathing.
“Comparisons tended to be ‘upward’ and yielded feelings of inadequacy and self-loathing [53, 63, 68].”
From The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people (2023) · cites this paper as [53]
The Discussion (section 5; page unavailable) links social media use in female adolescents to upward appearance comparison, perceived inadequacy, appearance anxiety, and poorer body esteem. It does not describe self-loathing, which is stronger than the outcomes reported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Cites
A theory of social comparison processes
Festinger, L. (1954) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 · Cited by 20,926 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These findings corroborate the well-established social comparison theory [42] and tripartite influence model [39], which, respectively, emphasize upward comparison and appearance-related pressures from media content.”
BackgroundResultBeyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium
Hayes, A. F. (2009) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750903310360 · Cited by 9,757 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We used the PROCESS macro [62] in SPSS (SPSS Inc.”
MethodStatistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable
Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2014) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bmsp.12028 · Cited by 3,403 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Since our independent variables (screen time for social media, overall smartphone use, and specific smartphone activities) were categorical variables, we used a contrast coding system to contrast each category of screen time against the reference [63].”
MethodExacting beauty: Theory, assessment, and treatment of body image disturbance.
Thompson, J. K., Heinberg, L. J., Altabe, M., & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (1999) · doi:10.1037/10312-000 · Cited by 3,100 · see citing works
Keles, B., McCrae, N., & Grealish, A. (2020) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851 · Cited by 1,909 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Specifically, social media use has been shown to significantly predict depressive symptomatology in adolescents [30].”
BackgroundSocial comparison, social media, and self-esteem.
Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K. (2014) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000047 · Cited by 1,418 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In line with this notion, comparison-inducing social media has been shown to negatively affect self-esteem [49] and selfperceived physical attractiveness [50], lending support to the link between appearance comparison and social appearance anxiety.”
ResultHolland, G., & Tiggemann, M. (2016) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.02.008 · Cited by 1,395 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Further, given that previous studies have predominantly examined college students [17,18], we directed our attention to female adolescents who are developmentally distinct from female adults and uniquely vulnerable to poor body esteem [10] for the following reasons.”
BackgroundThe sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale‐3 (SATAQ‐3): Development and validation
Thompson, J. K., van den Berg, P., Roehrig, M., Guarda, Á. S., & Heinberg, L. J. (2004) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10257 · Cited by 1,178 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A nine-item general internalization subscale from the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Scale–3 [55] was used to assess participants’ cognitive internalization of thin ideals.”
MethodFardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.12.002 · Cited by 1,009 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Hence, it is plausible to hypothesize that female adolescents’ internalization of thin ideals would trigger appearance-based social comparison with more attractive and ideal targets [45] and then give rise to poor body esteem outcomes [46,47].”
BackgroundBody-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults
Mendelson, B. K., Mendelson, M. J., & White, D. R. (2001) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7601_6 · Cited by 1,009 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The 21-item Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults [14] was used to assess the extent to which adolescents were satisfied with their body.”
BackgroundMethodLemola, S., Perkinson-Gloor, N., Brand, S., Dewald-Kaufmann, J. F., & Grob, A. (2015) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0176-x · Cited by 940 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Given that highly visual social media and smartphones permeate adolescents’ daily lives, previous studies have found adverse effects of adolescents’ smartphone and media consumption on various psychological outcomes, such as lower self-esteem [6], sleep disturbances, and depressive symptoms [7].”
BackgroundStice, E. M., Schupak-Neuberg, E., Shaw, H. E., & Stein, R. I. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.103.4.836 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Keery, H., van den Berg, P., & Thompson, J. K. (2004) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.03.001 · Cited by 815 · cited 2× · see citing works
“As has been demonstrated, it is reasonable to believe that frequent exposure to and engagement with such social media content and other smartphone activities likely foster adolescent girls to internalize and aspire to thin ideals [10,41] and, as a result, adjust their attitudes and behaviors in unwholesome ways in ord…”
BackgroundThe Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale: An empirical investigation
Rosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Carrier, L. M., Cheever, N. A., & Rokkum, J. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.006 · Cited by 788 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Social media use A modified version of the Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale [54] was administered to examine participants’ engagement with social networking sites (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter).”
MethodNetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls
Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2013) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22141 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Nesi, J., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Prinstein, M. J. (2018) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-018-0261-x · Cited by 712 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Hence, it is plausible to hypothesize that female adolescents’ internalization of thin ideals would trigger appearance-based social comparison with more attractive and ideal targets [45] and then give rise to poor body esteem outcomes [46,47].”
BackgroundStice, E. M., Schupak-Neuberg, E., Shaw, H. E., & Stein, R. I. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.4.836 · Cited by 605 · cited 1× · see citing works
“—a well-established framework for understanding the key sources of sociocultural influences on contemporary beauty ideals— appearance-related pressures conveyed by the media are deemed to be the most potent and pervasive of sociocultural influences [40].”
BackgroundFacebook Photo Activity Associated with Body Image Disturbance in Adolescent Girls
Meier, E. P., & Gray, J. (2014) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2013.0305 · Cited by 585 · cited 4× · see citing works
“, posting and viewing pictures on Facebook or other social media platforms) is positively associated with body concerns in adolescent girls [65], while other studies suggest that overall time spent on social media does not correlate with weight dissatisfaction [26].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBody Image among Adolescent Girls and Boys: A Longitudinal Study
Carlson Jones, D. (2004) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.5.823 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.10.004 · Cited by 522 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Further, given that previous studies have predominantly examined college students [17,18], we directed our attention to female adolescents who are developmentally distinct from female adults and uniquely vulnerable to poor body esteem [10] for the following reasons.”
BackgroundBody image in boys: A review of the literature
Cohane, G. H., & Pope, H. G. (2001) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.1033 · Cited by 504 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although female adolescents tend to report higher tendencies for social comparison [36] and greater sensitivity to external evaluation of physical appearance than male counterparts, underweight male adolescents also experience body esteem concerns [66] due to internalized muscularity ideals [60].”
BackgroundDevelopment and Examination of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale
Hart, T., Flora, D., Palyo, S. A., Fresco, D., Holle, C., & Heimberg, R. (2008) · Assessment (Odessa, Fla.) · doi:10.1177/1073191107306673 · Cited by 494 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[48], social appearance anxiety is the fear of negative body-related evaluation by others, owing to the perception that one’s body image does not align with societal standards of attractiveness.”
BackgroundJones, D. C. (2001) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1023/a:1014815725852 · Cited by 467 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Further, female adolescents are more likely to compare their bodies to others and engage in appearance-focused conversations or commentary than their male counterparts, which, in turn, engender poorer body esteem [22,36].”
BackgroundSocial Comparison 2.0: Examining the Effects of Online Profiles on Social-Networking Sites
Haferkamp, N., & Krämer, N. C. (2011) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0120 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
McLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., Wertheim, E. H., & Masters, J. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22449 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
Rohde, P., Stice, E., & Marti, C. N. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22270 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Ata, R. N., Ludden, A. B., & Lally, M. M. (2007) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9159-x · Cited by 382 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Given that poor body esteem has been identified as a predictor of psychological malfunctioning in adulthood [23], as well as a risk factor for clinical eating disorders which typically emerge during late adolescence and are more prevalent in adolescent females than males [8,37,38], it is critical that we understand th…”
BackgroundRodgers, R. F., McLean, S. A., & Paxton, S. J. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000013 · Cited by 360 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In line with this notion, Rodgers, McLean, and Paxton [44] found that baseline internalization of media-induced ideals longitudinally predicted social appearance comparison in adolescent females.”
ResultDittmar, H., & Howard, S. (2004) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.23.6.768.54799 · Cited by 355 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Our findings dovetail with previous findings that social media use generates body-focused self-consciousness and general anxiety in adult women [43,64], and thereby has unfavorable effects on body image outcomes such as body esteem [27,46]; body dissatisfaction [11]; and body image [10].”
ResultMarengo, D., Longobardi, C., Fabris, M. A., & Settanni, M. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.003 · Cited by 328 · cited 2× · see citing works
“and thereby poses a significant risk for adolescents in terms of body and weight dissatisfaction [2,11,12].”
BackgroundRozgonjuk, D., Levine, J. C., Hall, B. J., & Elhai, J. D. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.019 · Cited by 327 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, this is less likely since the ligature suggests that smartphone use is habitual and generally time invariant [67,68] and thereby does not significantly change in accordance with life events.”
BackgroundSherlock, M., & Wagstaff, D. L. (2019) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000182 · Cited by 324 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Specifically, female adolescents’ extensive use of social media and appearance-related smartphone activities (browsing websites, listening to music, and watching TV shows) intensify cognitive internalization of thin-ideal standards and internal pressures to strive for unattainable beauty standards, which in turn incit…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialde Vries, D. A., Peter, J., de Graaf, H., & Nikken, P. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0266-4 · Cited by 320 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Further, a recent longitudinal study ascertained the directionality of this association by showing that more frequent social media use escalated body dissatisfaction in Dutch adolescents at 18-month follow-up, but not vice versa [11].”
BackgroundResultSelective Self-Presentation and Social Comparison Through Photographs on Social Networking Sites
Fox, J., & Vendemia, M. A. (2016) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2016.0248 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Adolescent Body Image and Psychosocial Functioning
Davison, T. E., & McCabe, M. P. (2006) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.146.1.15-30 · Cited by 305 · cited 4× · see citing works
“As Davison and McCabe [35] have shown, concerns about others’ negative appearance-based evaluation play a crucial role in determining body-related selfworth, which can outweigh one’s own judgments of her body.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKostanski, M., & Gullone, E. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00319 · Cited by 303 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Given that age, household income, and BMI have been identified as salient factors that influence body esteem [60,61], they were used as covariates in our analysis.”
MethodThe Internet and Adolescent Girls’ Weight Satisfaction and Drive for Thinness
Tiggemann, M., & Miller, J. (2010) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9789-z · Cited by 296 · cited 12× · see citing works
“Consistent with this notion, previous studies suggest that social media use [26,29] and appearance-related exposure to the internet [10] reinforce the internalization of thin ideals, which would in turn promote body dissatisfaction.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRodgers, R. F., Slater, A., Gordon, C. S., McLean, S. A., Jarman, H. K., & Paxton, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-01190-0 · Cited by 296 · cited 5× · see citing works
“In all analyses, we controlled for key covariates of age, income, body mass index (BMI), and internal locus of control over one’s body, all of which have been suggested as factors that influence body esteem [29,58,60,61].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialRieger, E., Van Buren, D. J., Bishop, M., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Welch, R., & Wilfley, D. E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.02.001 · Cited by 279 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In support of this, theoretical models of eating pathology suggest that distress from negative social evaluation detrimentally affects self-evaluation, including body esteem [52].”
BackgroundFerguson, C. J., Muñoz, M. E., Garza, A., & Galindo, M. (2013) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9898-9 · Cited by 261 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Despite some conflicting findings [25,26], Tiggemann and Miller [10] demonstrated that time spent on popular social networking platforms (i.”
BackgroundSocial anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity: The role of negative social evaluation fears
Levinson, C. A., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2012) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.11.006 · Cited by 233 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further, Levinson and Rodebaugh [53], found that social appearance anxiety negatively influences the evaluation of one’s body, as reflected in greater body dissatisfaction, unhealthy eating attitudes, and eating pathology symptoms.”
BackgroundThe development and validation of the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised (PACS-R)
Schaefer, L. M., & Thompson, J. K. (2014) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.01.001 · Cited by 233 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A 10-item adapted version of the Physical Appearance Comparison Scale–Revised [56] was used to assess participants’ tendency to engage in appearance-related social comparison, in either real-life contexts or online (e.”
MethodDepression and emotion regulation predict objective smartphone use measured over one week
Elhai, J. D., Tiamiyu, M. F., Weeks, J. W., Levine, J. C., Picard, K. J., & Hall, B. J. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.051 · Cited by 232 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, this is less likely since the ligature suggests that smartphone use is habitual and generally time invariant [67,68] and thereby does not significantly change in accordance with life events.”
BackgroundKostanski, M., & Gullone, E. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s0021963097001807 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Longobardi, C., Settanni, M., Fabris, M. A., & Marengo, D. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104955 · Cited by 166 · cited 1× · see citing works
“’s [21] recent findings, adolescents rely on indicators of appearance-focused popularity to fulfil their psychological needs such as peer acceptance or social status.”
BackgroundPrevalence of Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Its Correlates: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Bohne, A., Keuthen, N. J., Wilhelm, S., Deckersbach, T., & Jenike, M. A. (2002) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.43.6.486 · Cited by 164 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further, given that body esteem is central to mental health issues, such as depressive symptoms [31]; social anxiety [32]; and stress responses [33], it is essential that we understand whether an emotional factor—specifically, appearance-related anxiety—would come into play, along with cognitive factors, in the pathwa…”
BackgroundIdentity and the body: Trajectories of body esteem from adolescence to emerging adulthood
Nelson, S. C., Kling, J., Wängqvist, M., Frisén, A., & Syed, M. (2018) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000435 · Cited by 151 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Given that poor body esteem has been identified as a predictor of psychological malfunctioning in adulthood [23], as well as a risk factor for clinical eating disorders which typically emerge during late adolescence and are more prevalent in adolescent females than males [8,37,38], it is critical that we understand th…”
BackgroundChang, L., Li, P., Loh, R. S. M., & Chua, T. H. H. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.03.005 · Cited by 151 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Our findings dovetail with previous findings that social media use generates body-focused selfconsciousness and general anxiety in adult women [43,64],and thereby has unfavorable effects on body image outcomes such as body esteem [27,46]; body dissatisfaction [11]; and body image[10].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDevelopment and aetiology of body dissatisfaction in adolescent boys and girls
Dion, J., Blackburn, M.-E., Auclair, J., Laberge, L., Veillette, S., Gaudreault, M., Vachon, P., Perron, M., & Touchette, É. (2015) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2014.985320 · Cited by 141 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[24] found a greater prevalence of body dissatisfaction (wanting to be thinner) in females from age 14 to 18.”
BackgroundFlament, M. F., Hill, E. M., Buchholz, A., Henderson, K. A., Tasca, G. A., & Goldfield, G. S. (2011) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.07.007 · Cited by 116 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Given that poor body esteem has been identified as a predictor of psychological malfunctioning in adulthood [23], as well as a risk factor for clinical eating disorders which typically emerge during late adolescence and are more prevalent in adolescent females than males [8,37,38], it is critical that we understand th…”
BackgroundCamera-ready: Young women’s appearance-related social media consciousness.
Choukas-Bradley, S., Nesi, J., Widman, L., & Higgins, M. K. (2019) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000196 · Cited by 105 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Our findings dovetail with previous findings that social media use generates body-focused self-consciousness and general anxiety in adult women [43,64], and thereby has unfavorable effects on body image outcomes such as body esteem [27,46]; body dissatisfaction [11]; and body image [10].”
BackgroundResultLunde, C., Frisén, A., & Hwang, C. P. (2007) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.10.002 · Cited by 88 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Further, female adolescents are more likely to compare their bodies to others and engage in appearance-focused conversations or commentary than their male counterparts, which, in turn, engender poorer body esteem [22,36].”
BackgroundValidation of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale in Female Eating Disorder Patients
Claes, L., Hart, T. A., Smits, D., Van den Eynde, F., Mueller, A., & Mitchell, J. E. (2012) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.1147 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
A new measure of weight locus of control: the Dieting Beliefs Scale.
Stotland, S. C., & Zuroff, D. C. (1990) · PubMed · doi:10.1080/00223891.1990.9673986 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
How is problematic smartphone use related to adolescent depression? A moderated mediation analysis
Wang, P., Liu, S., Zhao, M., Yang, X., Zhang, G., Chu, X., Wang, X., Zeng, P., & Lei, L. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104384 · Cited by 67 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Given that highly visual social media and smartphones permeate adolescents’ daily lives, previous studies have found adverse effects of adolescents’ smartphone and media consumption on various psychological outcomes, such as lower self-esteem [6], sleep disturbances, and depressive symptoms [7].”
BackgroundA New Measure of Weight Locus of Control: The Dieting Beliefs Scale
Stotland, S. C., & Zuroff, D. C. (1990) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5401&2_19 · Cited by 58 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Given that adolescents’ beliefs about weight controllability have been shown to influence body satisfaction [58], we used the 16-item Dieting Beliefs Scale (Stotland & Zuroff, 1990) [59] to assess participants’ control beliefs about their weight, which was used as a covariate in our analyses.”
MethodThe effects of social evaluation and looming threat on self-attentional biases and social anxiety.
Haikal, M., & Hong, R. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.01.007 · Cited by 50 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While previous research has substantiated the fear of negative social evaluation as a vulnerability for social anxiety disorder [51], little is known regarding the consequences of social appearance anxiety for body esteem.”
BackgroundMcLean, S. A., Paxton, S. J., Wertheim, E. H., & Masters, J. (2015) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/2050-2974-3-s1-o21 · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, posting and viewing pictures on Facebook or other social media platforms) is positively associated with body concerns in adolescent girls [65], while other studies suggest that”
ResultLongobardi, C., Fabris, M. A., Prino, L. E., & Settanni, M. (2021) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-020-00301-5 · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In view of recent findings suggesting that adolescent girls’ negative body image predicts a greater risk of online sexual victimization [70], it is important to note that these interventions would also serve to shield adolescent girls from conducting risky online behaviors and potentially being sexually victimized or…”
BackgroundMarengo, D., Settanni, M., & Longobardi, C. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.04.023 · Cited by 29 · cited 1× · see citing works
“More specifically, these interventions should focus on holistic, wellbeing-centered utilization of social media and safety risks associated with oversharing visual content online [69].”
BackgroundRole of shame and body esteem in cortisol stress responses
Lupis, S. B., Sabik, N. J., & Wolf, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9695-5 · Cited by 27 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further, given that body esteem is central to mental health issues, such as depressive symptoms [31]; social anxiety [32]; and stress responses [33], it is essential that we understand whether an emotional factor—specifically, appearance-related anxiety—would come into play, along with cognitive factors, in the pathwa…”
BackgroundAbdollahi, A., Talib, M. A., Mobarakeh, M. R. V., Momtaz, V., & Mobarake, R. K. (2015) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575279.2015.1054787 · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Further, given that body esteem is central to mental health issues, such as depressive symptoms [31]; social anxiety [32]; and stress responses [33], it is essential that we understand whether an emotional factor—specifically, appearance-related anxiety—would come into play, along with cognitive factors, in the pathwa…”
BackgroundWeight Control Beliefs, Body Shape Attitudes, and Physical Activity Among Adolescents
Martin, S. B., Rhea, D., Greenleaf, C. A., et al. (2011) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00585.x · Cited by 20 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Given that adolescents’ beliefs about weight controllability have been shown to influence body satisfaction [58], we used the 16-item Dieting Beliefs Scale (Stotland & Zuroff, 1990) [59] to assess participants’ control beliefs about their weight, which was used as a covariate in our analyses.”
MethodTyler, C., Johnston, C. A., Dalton, W. T., et al. (2008) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798408323388 · Cited by 16 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, a person’s overall appraisal or perception of their body or appearance [14] —since it implies a holistic attitudinal evaluation of one’s body, which is conceptually and empirically linked to both body satisfaction [15] and body image [16].”
BackgroundOrmsby, H., Owen, A. L., & Bhogal, M. S. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0089-z · Cited by 13 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, a person’s overall appraisal or perception of their body or appearance [14] —since it implies a holistic attitudinal evaluation of one’s body, which is conceptually and empirically linked to both body satisfaction [15] and body image [16].”
BackgroundAppearance-focused Internet Use and the Thin-beauty Ideal
Stanley, T., Barnes, J., & Short, E. (2015) · Studies in Media and Communication · doi:10.11114/smc.v3i2.971 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Specifically, the literature suggests that frequent engagement with social networking sites, especially highly visual, image-focused platforms (including Facebook and Instagram), reinforces the thin ideal [9,10].”
BackgroundPuberty, Identity, and Context
McLean, K. C., Syed, M., Natsuaki, M. N., et al. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936564.013.005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 71 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dane, A., & Bhatia, K. (2023) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001091 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Vuong, A. T., Jarman, H. K., Doley, J. R., & McLean, S. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182413222 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The contribution of social media addiction to adolescent LIFE: Social appearance anxiety
Caner, N., Efe, Y. S., & Başdaş, Ö. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03280-y · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Body-Esteem, Self-Esteem and Loneliness among Social Media Young Users
Pop, L., Iorga, M., & Iurcov, R. O. C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095064 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cataldo, I., De Luca, I., Giorgetti, V., Cicconcelli, D., Bersani, F. S., Imperatori, C., Abdi, S., Negri, A., Esposito, G., & Corazza, O. (2021) · Emerging Trends in Drugs Addictions and Health · doi:10.1016/j.etdah.2021.100010 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Yang, F., Qi, L., Liu, S., Wen, H., Cao, Q., Liu, Y., Tang, M. F., Lv, Z., Zhou, Z., & Yang, Y. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14061281 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Suhud, U., Allan, M., Rahayu, S., & Prihandono, D. (2022) · Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies · doi:10.36941/ajis-2022-0021 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“For some customers, certain kind of feature will be attractive because they are associated with their lifestyle and creativity in creating social media content ( Cho et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundBoyle, S. C., Baez, S., Trager, B. M., & LaBrie, J. W. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19169847 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Social media use and body image issues among adolescents in a vulnerable Louisiana community
Sagrera, C. E., Magner, J., Temple, J., Lawrence, R., Magner, T. J., Avila-Quintero, V. J., McPherson, P., Alderman, L. L., Bhuiyan, M. A. N., Patterson, J. C., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1001336 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Kwon, S., Kim, R., Lee, J.-T., Kim, J., Song, S., Kim, S., & Oh, H. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.13237 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Marinoni, C., Rizzo, M., & Zanetti, M. A. (2024) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents4020021 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“With this in mind, we hypothesized that online games and social media, which are usually the common venue for cyberbullying [56,63], have been influenced by an increase in the number of hours spent online, which, according to some studies, has led adolescents, both boys and girls, to overuse the…”
BackgroundYang, H., Ng, W. Q., Yang, Y., & Yang, S. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9060816 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationModrzejewska, A., Czepczor‐Bernat, K., Modrzejewska, J., Roszkowska, A., Zembura, M., & Matusik, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2022.993460 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mesce, M., Cerniglia, L., & Cimino, S. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12080255 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Multidimensional Profiles of Addictive Smartphone Use: A Latent Profile Analysis
Yang, H., Tng, G. Y. Q., Khoo, S. S., & Yang, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02881-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationThe relationship between social anxiety and problematic smartphone use: a chain mediation model
Liu, C., Yang, H., Hao, Z., & Li, J. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04574-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Social interaction through smartphones replaces the face-to-face contact that makes individuals more anxious, and the sense of anonymity can reduce individuals’ concerns about their appearance (Lo Coco et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020; Weidman et al., 2012).”
Self-citationZimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Hawes, T., Scott, R. A., Campbell, T., & Webb, H. J. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107569 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A diary study investigating the differential impacts of Instagram content on youths’ body image
Glaser, H. C., Jansma, S. R., & Scholten, H. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02960-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The constant exposure to these “ perfect ” images might affect how young people view themselves and their bodies (e.g., Franchina and Lo Coco, 2018; Yang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe Analysis of Fine Arts Students' Social Media Awareness Levels Related to Appearance
Öztürk, M. Ü., & Öztürk, M. S. (2022) · International Journal of Education in Mathematics Science and Technology · doi:10.46328/ijemst.2559 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In the last decade, highly visual social networking platforms that support the exchange of user-generated, aesthetically enhanced photos and videos have gained immense popularity among adolescents (Marengo et al, 2018; Yang et al, 2020).”
BackgroundLeggett‐James, M. P., & Laursen, B. P. (2022) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316221136043 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“One consequence may be a focus on appearance comparison, which has been linked to forms of social anxiety and attendant body dissatisfaction (Yang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundBurkauskas, J., Fineberg, N. A., Ioannidis, K., Chamberlain, S. R., Bowden‐Jones, H., Griškova-Bulanova, I., Pranckevičienė, A., Dores, A. R., Carvalho, I. P., Barbosa, F., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148823 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
He, X., Yu, Q., Peng, J., Yu, J., Wu, T., Qin, Y., Wang, S., Dong, T., Liao, Y., Hu, C., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1408508 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Such online interactions may exacerbate issues related to self-identity and self-doubt, thereby heightening the risk of NSSI subsequent to PIU engagement (84, 85).”
BackgroundGoh, A. Y. H., Hartanto, A., Kasturiratna, K. T. A. S., & Majeed, N. M. (2025) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051251313855 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…social media use and body image are mixed and inconclusive (Carpenter, 2023; De Valle et al., 2021; Fardouly et al., 2015a; Sewall et al., 2022; Yang et al., 2020), complicated by methodological challenges such as reliance on cross-sectional designs, subjective measurements of screen time, and…”
Moraleda‐Cibrián, M., Albares-Tendero, J., & Arboledas, G. P. (2022) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-021-02558-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Maftei, A. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03839-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pomponio, I. D., & Cerniglia, L. (2024) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents4020016 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This immersive experience carries unique implications for mental health that extend beyond the capabilities of traditional social media [26].”
BackgroundÜSTÜNDAĞ, A., Kanik, R., & Çinar, Y. R. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2024.10.010 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Relationship Between Instagram, Body Satisfaction, and Self-Esteem in Early Adulthood
Flores-Mata, C., & Castellano‐Tejedor, C. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12212153 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“On the other hand, Yang et al. [43] determined the relationship between low body self-esteem and poorer body image satisfaction.”
BackgroundInfluentialNia, H. S., Froelicher, E. S., She, L., Jafari-Koulaee, A., Hejazi, S. S., Mosazadeh, H., Goudarzian, A. H., & Nejad, G. H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1296498 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Li, M., Li, X., Yang, F., & Zhang, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1628208 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“However, due to the unattainability of the so-called ideal beauty standards, women with frequent social media use often experience negative self-conscious emotions, such as body shame (Noll and Fredrickson, 1998), appearance anxiety (Monro and Huon, 2005), and envy (Wang et al., 2020).”
InfluentialGrajek, M. K., Jurys, T., & Rozmiarek, M. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12091143 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“That led to increased social appearance anxiety (B = 0.142, SE = 0.049, p = 0.005), ultimately resulting in lower body esteem (B = − 0.307, SE = 0.056, p 0.001) [24].”
InfluentialPutri, B., Noer, A. H., & Purba, F. D. (2025) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s501547 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“29,40,46,49 Some studies further explained that addiction increases social comparison, internalization of media ideals, and victimization.”
InfluentialCho, H., Park, J., Lee, D., & Shin, D. W. (2024) · Korean Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.4082/kjfm.23.0159 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…social media, which idealizes thin body image, which is related to a negative body image, and that smart-phone usage time also included educational purposes or information searching, the usage time of the smartphone itself may not necessarily be associated to the body image [12,14,22,23].”
InfluentialYan, X., Yan, J., Tan, C., Fu, Y., & Wang, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1515575 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Al-Naami, B. O., Badr, B. E. A., Rawash, Y. Z., Owida, H. A., Fazio, R. D., & Visconti, P. (2023) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging9010014 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Fortunato, L., Gullo, S., Muscolino, A., La Tona, A., Rodgers, R. F., & Lo Coco, G. (2026) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-026-00285-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Keeler, J. L., Ludtke, L. C., Yang, Q., Rameh, V. R., Ward, R., Treasure, J. L., & Carter, B. (2026) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/88572 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“One study explored mediators, finding that the relationship between excessive smartphone use (>4 hours per day) and poorer body esteem was sequentially mediated by greater cognitive internalization of an ideal body image, greater appearance comparison, followed by greater appearance anxiety [86].”
Moty, N., Somanah, J., & Putteeraj, M. (2023) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych5010009 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Luo, M., & Yang, F. Y. (2024) · Environment and Social Psychology · doi:10.59429/esp.v9i7.2868 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“For this phenomenon, researchers have identified some specific activities related to the self-objectification of women, including but not limited to accessing selfies, fitness images, advertisements featuring idealized bodies and TV shows [5,19,60] .”
BackgroundIdealized Female Beauty as Represented in Alessia Cara’s Song Scars to Your Beautiful
Attamimi, F. N. (2023) · Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin · doi:10.59000/jim.v1i3.82 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sekhar, M. A., Edward, S., Angeline Grace, G., Sushmitha, G., & Priscilla, S. E. (2025) · Indian Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_129_24 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ruge, M. J., Hays, H. L., Kistamgari, S., Rine, N. I., Zhu, M., Ding, K., & Smith, G. A. (2025) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2024-069753 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The influence of Xiaohongshu female bloggers on female values
Qian, L. (2024) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/202418503009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yang, H., Yang, S., Yang, Y., & Tan, Q. Y. J. (2024) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2024.2334933 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…media consumption is a developmental phenomenon tied to both age and dispositional characteristics in media content selection and screen time (Yang et al., 2020), we aimed to examine how age, sex, and ethnicity would interact with multifaceted bioecological factors to influence adolescents’…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRelationship between Instagram, Body Satisfaction, and Self-Esteem in Early AdulthoodPreprint
Flores-Mata, C., & Castellano‐Tejedor, C. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202406.0420.v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Influence of Social Media Use on Body Image and Self-Esteem among Senior High Students in Davao City
Carballo, R. C., Helardez, J. M., Nasara, R. C., Canchico, F. D., & Bangeles, D. M. M. (2024) · European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences · doi:10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(4).31 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Yang et al. (2020) provided a cognitive-affective model, showing that excessive social media use can lead to unhealthy body esteem through intensified cognitive internalization, appearance comparisons, and social appearance anxiety.”
BackgroundSocial media exposure and appearance anxiety: A chain mediation model moderated by physical activity
Ren, W., Tian, Y., Liu, D., Chen, Z., & Yang, S. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106594 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, H., Quek, F. Y. X., Yap, S. X. H., Tng, G. Y. Q., & Ng, G. R. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16060853 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Not surprisingly, research on problematic social media use has documented notable adverse outcomes, including lower self-esteem (Khoo & Yang, 2024), increased loneliness and depression (Wu et al., 2024; Yigiter et al., 2024), and poorer body image among youths (Yang et al., 2020).”
Self-citationThe Impact of Social Media on Chinese High School Students' Body and Image Anxiety
Lin, X. (2023) · Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media · doi:10.54254/2753-7048/2/2022470 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Yang et al. [4] also pointed out that in the 21st century, studies have demonstrated that social media has become an increasingly important factor affecting adolescents' perceptions of beauty standards.”
BackgroundInfluentialCarriker, N., Hongsanguansri, S., Pavasuthipaisit, C., & Kiatrungrit, K. (2023) · Siriraj Medical Journal/San Sirirat · doi:10.33192/smj.v75i6.261124 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Feng, Y., Zhang, H., Lin, Z., Zhang, T., & Liu, X. (2023) · American Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.11648/j.ajap.20231206.11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hayee, F., Fongkaew, W., & Voss, J. G. (2023) · Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.60099/prijnr.2024.262660 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of Social Media on Body Image Perception and Self Esteem among Young Women
-, D. G., & -, S. K. G. (2024) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.17285 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Body Esteem and Social Anxiety: Medial Influence on Young Women
Markandey, T., & Sethia, S. (2022) · AMBIENT SCIENCE · doi:10.21276/ambi.2022.09.2.rv03 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Syafani, H. S. A., & Alfaruqy, M. Z. (2023) · Jurnal EMPATI · doi:10.14710/empati.2023.38634 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rosenbaum, D. L., & Gillen, M. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00112-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Relationships Between Social Media Addiction, Fear of Missing Out Developments and Body ImagePreprint
TOÇOĞLU, S., Dönmez, A., Baykara, C., Hepsert, S., Sarıkabak, M., YILDIRIM, Y., & Korkutata, A. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4383457/v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Introduction to the Special Issue on Eating Disorders and Obesity in Children and Adolescents
Ayensa, J. I. B. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8111065
Carriker, N., Hongsanguansri, S., Pavasuthipaisit, C., & Kiatrungrit, K. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1475493/v1
Wachsende Abhängigkeit der Jugendlichen von sozialen Medien
Kothambikar, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-39489-9_2
Equilibrium Between Technology and Civilization
Saam, Z. (2022) · Proceeding of International Conference on Science and Technology · doi:10.36378/internationalconferenceuniks.v0i0.2825
Analysis of the Expression Ways of Female Body in Social Media
Cao, X., Hu, J., Wang, Y., & Wu, J. (2023) · Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media · doi:10.54254/2753-7048/4/20220220 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Growing Social Media Addiction Among Youth
Kothambikar, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34382-7_2
The Relationship and Mechanisms Between Social Media Use and the Self-Objectification of Females
Yang, H., Yang, F., & Zhang, H. (2023) · American Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.11648/j.ajap.20231204.11
Self-citationGürçay, B., Tanrıkulu, F., BAŞ, B., CEYLAN, N., & NALBANT, H. (2023) · Black Sea Journal of Health Science · doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1362090
Consequences of introducing home digital rules among children
Iwanicka, A. (2023) · Catholic Pedagogy · doi:10.62266/pk.1898-3685.2023.33a.11
Beyond Physical Wellness: The Importance of Eating Disorder–Prevention Strategies in Schools
DuPree, H. M., & and, K. H. (2024) · Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance · doi:10.1080/07303084.2024.2359890
“Social media use has been shown to influence eating behaviors (Chung et al., 2021), and excessive social media use is associated with unhealthy body esteem (Yang et al., 2020).”
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SMARTPHONE AND COGNITION IN CHILDREN: RESEARCH REVIEW
Kaur, M. H., Garima, & Dangi, M. (2024) · ShodhKosh Journal of Visual and Performing Arts · doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i1.2024.2679
“Yang et.al,2020 Through increased cognitive internalisation, which exacerbates appearance”
Sadewa, D. M. A., Hapsari, E. D., & Nisman, W. A. (2024) · Jurnal Persatuan Perawat Nasional Indonesia (JPPNI) · doi:10.32419/jppni.v9i2.583
Zhang, M., Zhao, Z., Lu, J., Liu, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6972535/v1
一洋, 風., & Han, Y. (2025) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.70045
KUZUCU, Z., & Yılmaz, S. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2602202
“Within the framework of widespread smartphone and social media use, adolescent girls are frequently exposed to appearance-related content, which may exacerbate body dissatisfaction and contribute to heightened degrees of anxiety and stress (Yang et al., 2020).”
Associations between time spent with digital media and body image among European adolescents
Loganathan, G., Buck, C., Williams, G. A., Veidebaum, T., Tornaritis, M. J., Molnár, D., Miguel‐Berges, M. L., Lissner, L., Formisano, A., Henauw, S. D., et al. (2026) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-026-06551-w
“A previous study found that smartphone duration per se (i.e., without SM use) was neither directly nor indirectly associated with negative body esteem, even after mediation by internalisation and social comparison [36].”
Kılavuz, M., Kanbay, Y., & Kanbay, Y. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04011-9
“Constant exposure to idealized body representations on social media platforms strengthens individuals’ tendency toward upward social comparison, which in turn triggers negative appearance-related evaluations and heightened anxiety [3, 4].”
Wang, Z., Ding, N., Ye, H., & Lin, L. (2026) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-026-10588-5
“…compulsively browse appearance-related content to alleviate their insecu-rities, this action exacerbates the cognitive dissonance between their real selves and the ideal images they are exposed to (Yang et al., 2020), thereby leading to a negative cycle of focusing on their appearance flaws.”
Gökçen, G., Baltacı, U. B., & Traş, Z. (2026) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438.1814989
Gonzales, F., Alalawi, R. H., Shanmugam, S. R., Tumala, R. B., Estadilla, L. T., Pangilinan, L., Almutairi, A. S., Anies, E., Cajigal, J. V., Abdelmaksoud, S. H. E. S., et al. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16071074
“Young women tend to develop SE problems due to the amplification of beauty and thin images on social media, creating unrealistic beauty standards (Yang et al., 2020; Tylka & Sabik, 2010).”
Liu, C., & Hao, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1865846
“The Smartphone Use Frequency Scale (SUF) developed by Elhai et al. (38) was used.”
Marano, G., Hasaj, S., Giacomi, O. D., Lanzetta, M., Sani, G., & Mazza, M. (2026) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe16080108
“Anxiety outcomes were somewhat more frequent but still limited: appearance-specific anxiety appeared in several studies (e.g., Zhong, 2022; Yang et al., 2020; Seekis et al., 2020; Patel et al., 2025), whereas generalised anxiety was assessed in only one (GAD-7; Hai & Yang, 2022).”
InfluentialIntentional substance exposures at school reported to United States poison centers, 2000–2024
Bienfang, A., Hays, H. L., Badeti, J., Rine, N. I., Zhu, M., Yang, J., & Smith, G. A. (2026) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2026.08.031
Şensoy, Ö., Özgörü, H., & Yıldız, S. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2026.08.032
The Role of Selfie-Editing Behavior in Body Acceptance and Self-Objectification
Garcia, S. M. C. S., Ano-os, J. L. A., Pelayo, L. P., & Cabarle, H. M. B. (2025) · International Conference on E-Society, E-Education and E-Technology (ICSET) · doi:10.1145/3802409.3802423
“Mediation analysis revealed that selfie-editing partly mediates the link between body acceptance and self-objectification, showing editing as a pathway for internalized appearance norms [7, 56–58].”
- Authors
- Yang, H., Wang, J. J., Tng, G. Y. Q., & Yang, S.
- Affiliations
- Singapore Management University (SG)
- Ewha Womans University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Sujin
- Venue
- Children
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-09-21
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 148
- ISSN
- 2227-9067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7552652
- OpenAlex
- W3088040135
- Semantic Scholar
- ffb1f576394a4d719c183f22021eaba6e0572c5a
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 13.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Children (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1 (14-C242-SMU-031)
- Ministry of Society and Family Fund Tier 1 (SFRF2015U-2)
- Ewha Womans University Research Grant (1-2020-0332-001-1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- social media use, smartphone use, body esteem, adolescent girls, appearance comparison, thin ideal, appearance anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, cognitive-affective model, screen time, body image
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-08.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-08.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
