Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 21

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Nutrient Adequacy in Endurance Athletes

Moss, Kamiah, Kreutzer, Andreas, Graybeal, Austin J., Zhang, Yan, Braun-Trocchio, Robyn, Porter, Ryan R., Shah, Meena·2023·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph20085469
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Proper nutrition is critical for optimal performance in endurance athletes. However, it is unclear if endurance athletes are meeting all their energy and nutrient needs. We examined if endurance athletes are meeting their nutritional requirements and if this differed by sex. Ninety-five endurance athletes (n = 95; 50.5% men; 34.9 ± 12.9 y) participated in the study. Dietary intake was evaluated using the 24 h dietary recall method. Energy and nutrient intakes were calculated using the ESHA Food Processor Diet Analysis Software and compared against reference nutrient intakes. Endurance athletes did not consume the recommended amount of energy (76.8% of athletes), carbohydrates (95.8%), linoleic acid (75.8%), α-linolenic acid (ALA) (77.9%), eicosatetraenoic and docosahexaenoic acid (96.8%), dietary fiber (49.5%), vitamins D (93.7%), E (71.6%), and K (54.7%), folate (54.7%), pantothenic acid (70.5%), biotin (83.2%), manganese (58.9%), magnesium (56.8%), chromium (91.6%), molybdenum (93.7%), choline (85.3%), and potassium (56.8%), and consumed too much saturated fat (50.5%) and sodium (94.7%) than recommended. Fisher’s Exact test showed that the requirements for dietary fiber (70.8% vs. 27.7%), ALA (87.5% vs. 68.1%), and total water (70.8% vs. 44.7%) were not met by more men versus women (p < 0.05). The needs for protein (70.2% vs. 25%) and vitamin B12 (46.8% vs. 22.9%) were not met by more women compared to men (p < 0.05). These findings need to be confirmed by a larger study.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ijerph20085469

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 14 references

Research works printed but not linked: 64

  1. Hinton, 2004, Nutrient Intakes and Dietary Behaviors of Male and Female Collegiate Athletes, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 14, 389, 10.1123/ijsnem.14.4.389 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Kirkendall, 1993, Effect of Nutrition on Performance in Soccer, Med. Sci. Sport. Exerc., 25, 1370, 10.1249/00005768-199312000-00009 · DOI
  3. Casazza, 2018, Energy Availability, Macronutrient Intake, and Nutritional Supplementation for Improving Exercise Performance in Endurance Athletes, Tran. Prev. Rehabil., 17, 215
  4. Bytomski, 2018, Fueling for Performance, Sport Health, 10, 47, 10.1177/1941738117743913 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Saris, 2001, The Concept of Energy Homeostasis for Optimal Health During Training, Can. J. Appl. Physiol., 26, S167, 10.1139/h2001-051 · DOI
  6. Joy, 2005, Stress Fractures in the Female Athlete, Curr. Sport. Med. Rep., 4, 323, 10.1097/01.CSMR.0000306294.72578.a8 · DOI
  7. Nunes, C.L., Matias, C.N., Santos, D.A., Morgado, J.P., Monteiro, C.P., Sousa, M., Minderico, C.S., Rocha, P.M., St-Onge, M.P., and Sardinha, L.B. (2018). Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes. Medicina, 54. · DOI · Paper page
  8. Tanaka, 1995, An Assessment of Carbohydrate Intake in Collegiate Distance Runners, Int. J. Sport Nutr., 5, 206, 10.1123/ijsn.5.3.206 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Jagim, 2019, Nutrient Status and Perceptions of Energy and Macronutrient Intake in a Group of Collegiate Female Lacrosse Athletes, J. Int. Soc. Sport. Nutr., 16, 43, 10.1186/s12970-019-0314-7 · DOI · Paper page
  10. Rodrigues, 2017, Adequacy of Energy and Macronutrient Intake of Food Supplements for Athletes, Rev. Nutr., 30, 593, 10.1590/1678-98652017000500005 · DOI · Paper page
  11. Sewak, 2019, Physical Activity Level in Relation to the Nutrient Intake of Elite Athletes, Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol., 34, 1, 10.9734/cjast/2019/v34i230124 · DOI
  12. Papandreou, 2006, Dietary Intakes of Elite Athletes, Aristotle Univ. Med. J., 33, 119
  13. Zourdos, 2015, Dietary Intake Habits and Controlled Training on Body Composition and Strength in Elite Female Volleyball Players during the Season, Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 40, 827, 10.1139/apnm-2015-0100 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Masson, 2016, Many Non-Elite Multisport Endurance Athletes Do Not Meet Sports Nutrition Recommendations for Carbohydrates, Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 41, 728, 10.1139/apnm-2015-0599 · DOI
  15. Heaney, 2010, Comparison of Strategies for Assessing Nutritional Adequacy in Elite Female Athletes’ Dietary Intake, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 20, 245, 10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.245 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Collins, 2012, Comparison of Nutritional Intake in US Adolescent Swimmers and Non-Athletes, Health, 04, 873, 10.4236/health.2012.410133 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Papadopoulou, 2008, Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Volleyball and Basketball Women Athletes of the Olympic National Teams, Arch. Sci. Med., 167, 147
  18. Chen, 1989, Nutritional Problems and Measures in Elite and Amateur Athletes, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 49, 1084, 10.1093/ajcn/49.5.1084 · DOI
  19. Machefer, 2007, Nutritional and Plasmatic Antioxidant Vitamins Status of Ultra Endurance Athletes, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 26, 311, 10.1080/07315724.2007.10719616 · DOI
  20. Amirsasan, 2017, Assessment of Vitamin and Mineral Intakes in Paralympic Athletes in Tabriz, Iran, Int. J. Basic Sci. Med., 2, 123, 10.15171/ijbsm.2017.23 · DOI
  21. Sumida, 2012, Evaluation of Bone, Nutrition, and Physical Function in Shorinji Kempo Athletes, Open Access J. Sport. Med., 3, 107
  22. Madden, R.F., Shearer, J., and Parnell, J.A. (2017). Evaluation of Dietary Intakes and Supplement Use in Paralympic Athletes. Nutrients, 9. · DOI
  23. JANELLE, 1995, Nutrient Intakes and Eating Behavior See of Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Women, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 95, 180, 10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00045-3 · DOI
  24. Vitale, K., and Getzin, A. (2019). Nutrition and Supplement Update for the Endurance Athlete: Review and Recommendations. Nutrients, 11. · DOI · Paper page
  25. Spano, 2010, Functional Foods, Beverages, and Ingredients in Athletics, Strength Cond. J., 32, 79, 10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181c20d1c · DOI
  26. Casey, 1999, The Use of Telephone Interview Methodology to Obtain 24-Hour Dietary Recalls, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 99, 1406, 10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00340-5 · DOI
  27. Conway, 2003, Effectiveness of the US Department of Agriculture 5-Step Multiple-Pass Method in Assessing Food Intake in Obese and Nonobese Women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77, 1171, 10.1093/ajcn/77.5.1171 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Institute of Medicine (U.S.) (2006). Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, The National Academies Press.
  29. Lichtenstein, 2006, Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, Circulation, 114, 82, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176158 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (1997). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Floride, National Academies Press.
  31. Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins, and Choline (1998). Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline, National Academies Press.
  32. National Research Council (U.S.), and Institute of Medicine (U.S.) (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, National Academy Press.
  33. Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Panel on Micronutrients (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, National Academy Press.
  34. Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Vitamin D, National Academies Press.
  35. Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Panel on Macronutrients (2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids, National Academies Press.
  36. Stallings, V.A., Harrison, M., and Oria, M. (2019). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium, National Academies Press. · DOI · Paper page
  37. Institute of Medicine (US) Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes, and Institute of Medicine (US) Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (2003). Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Planning, National Academies Press.
  38. Achten, 2004, Higher Dietary Carbohydrate Content during Intensified Running Training Results in Better Maintenance of Performance and Mood State, J. Appl. Physiol., 96, 1331, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00973.2003 · DOI · Paper page
  39. Gavin, 2015, Neuromuscular Responses to Mild-Muscle Damaging Eccentric Exercise in a Low Glycogen State, J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol., 25, 53, 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.10.005 · DOI
  40. Lowery, 2006, Protein and Overtraining: Potential Applications for Free-Living Athletes, J. Int. Soc. Sport. Nutr., 3, 42, 10.1186/1550-2783-3-1-42 · DOI
  41. Ivy, 2002, Early Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Recovery Is Enhanced with a Carbohydrate-Protein Supplement, J. Appl. Physiol., 93, 1337, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00394.2002 · DOI · Paper page
  42. Wardle, 2004, Gender Differences in Food Choice: The Contribution of Health Beliefs and Dieting, Ann. Behav. Med., 27, 107, 10.1207/s15324796abm2702_5 · DOI · Paper page
  43. Crowson, 2020, Does the Intestinal Microbiome Impact Athletic Performance?, Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep., 22, 53, 10.1007/s11894-020-00790-2 · DOI
  44. Thielecke, F., and Blannin, A. (2020). Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Sport Performance—Are They Equally Beneficial for Athletes and Amateurs? A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 12. · DOI
  45. Graybeal, A.J., Kreutzer, A., Willis, J.L., Moss, K., Braun-Trocchio, R., and Shah, M. (2022). Age Drives the Differences in Dietary Supplement Use in Endurance Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cyclists, Runners, and Triathletes. J. Diet. Suppl., 1–19. · DOI · Paper page
  46. Graybeal, 2022, Improved Physiological Markers of Omega-3 Status and Compliance with Omega-3 Supplementation in Division I Track and Field and Cross-Country Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 32, 246, 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0253 · DOI
  47. Barnard, N.D., Goldman, D.M., Loomis, J.F., Kahleova, H., Levin, S.M., Neabore, S., and Batts, T.C. (2019). Plant-Based Diets for Cardiovascular Safety and Performance in Endurance Sports. Nutrients, 11. · DOI
  48. Gibson, 2011, Nutrition Status of Junior Elite Canadian Female Soccer Athletes, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 21, 507, 10.1123/ijsnem.21.6.507 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Manore, 2000, Effect of Physical Activity on Frailty, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72, 598S, 10.1093/ajcn/72.2.598S · DOI · Paper page
  50. Watson, 2005, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Athletes Undertaking Regular Exercise Training, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 15, 131, 10.1123/ijsnem.15.2.131 · DOI
  51. Patlar, 2016, Effect of Vitamin A Administration on Free Radicals and Lactate Levels in Individuals Exercised to Exhaustion, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 29, 1531
  52. Bhupathiraju, 2018, Use of Metabolomics in Improving Assessment of Dietary Intake, Clin. Chem., 64, 82, 10.1373/clinchem.2017.272344 · DOI · Paper page
  53. Faber, 1991, Mineral and Vitamin Intake in Field Athletes (Discus-, Hammer-, Javelin-Throwers and Shotputters), Int. J. Sport. Med., 12, 324, 10.1055/s-2007-1024690 · DOI
  54. Nascimento, 2016, Nutrient and Food Inadequacies among Athletes: Gender Comparisons, J. Phys. Educ., 27, 1
  55. Horvath, 2000, The Effects of Varying Dietary Fat on the Nutrient Intake in Male and Female Runners, J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 19, 42, 10.1080/07315724.2000.10718913 · DOI · Paper page
  56. Beard, 2001, Iron Biology in Immune Function, Muscle Metabolism and Neuronal Functioning, J. Nutr., 131, 568S, 10.1093/jn/131.2.568S · DOI · Paper page
  57. Lukaski, 2001, Magnesium, Zinc, and Chromium Nutrition and Athletic Performance, Can. J. Appl. Physiol., 26, 13, 10.1139/h2001-038 · DOI
  58. Feng, 2015, Effects of Chromium Malate on Glycometabolism, Glycometabolism-Related Enzyme Levels and Lipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetic Rats: A Dose-Response and Curative Effects Study, J. Diabetes Investig., 6, 396, 10.1111/jdi.12350 · DOI
  59. Vally, 2012, Adverse Reactions to the Sulphite Additives, Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench, 5, 16
  60. Kois, 2016, Influence of Selenium on Oxidative Stress in Athletes. Review Article, Cent. Eur. J. Sport Sci. Med., 14, 87
  61. Nair, 2012, Vitamin D: The Sunshine Vitamin, J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother., 3, 118
  62. Heaney, 2008, Towards an Understanding of the Barriers to Good Nutrition for Elite Athletes, Int. J. Sport. Sci. Coach., 3, 391, 10.1260/174795408786238542 · DOI
  63. Werner, 2020, Assessment of Nutrition Knowledge in Division I College Athletes, J. Am. Coll. Health, 70, 248, 10.1080/07448481.2020.1740234 · DOI
  64. Woolf, 2018, Assessment of Nutrient Status in Athletes and the Need for Supplementation, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 28, 139, 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0338 · DOI

Cited by

See all 21

Metadata

Authors
Moss, K., Kreutzer, A., Graybeal, A. J., Zhang, Y., Braun-Trocchio, R., Porter, R. R., & Shah, M.
Affiliations
  • Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
  • School of Kinesiology & Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
  • Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-04-11
Volume
20
Issue
8
Pages
5469
ISSN
1660-4601
DOI
10.3390/ijerph20085469
Cited by
21
References
14
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
  • Harris College of Nursing &amp; Health Sciences Graduate Student Research Grant
  • The Julian Carr Aliber Endowed Grant

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Nutrient Adequacy in Endurance Athletes. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/ijerph20085469
The paper
Moss, K., Kreutzer, A., Graybeal, A. J., Zhang, Y., Braun-Trocchio, R., Porter, R. R., & Shah, M. (2023). Nutrient Adequacy in Endurance Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085469

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.