Chia Seeds (Salvia Hispanica L.): An Overview—Phytochemical Profile, Isolation Methods, and Application

Knez Hrnčič, Maša; Ivanovski, Maja; Cör, Darija; Knez, Željko

doi:10.3390/molecules25010011

Cited by 290Seed and Plant BiochemistryEdible Oils Quality and AnalysisPhytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities

Chia Seeds (Salvia Hispanica L.): An Overview—Phytochemical Profile, Isolation Methods, and Application

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Knez Hrnčič, Maša, Ivanovski, Maja, Cör, Darija, Knez, Željko·2019·Molecules

DOI 10.3390/molecules25010011PMC PMC6994964

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Abstract

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a small seed that comes from an annual herbaceous plant, Salvia hispanica L. In recent years, usage of Chia seeds has tremendously grown due to their high nutritional and medicinal values. Chia was cultivated by Mesopotamian cultures, but then disappeared for centuries until the middle of the 20th century, when it was rediscovered. Chia seeds contain healthy ω-3 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, proteins, vitamins, and some minerals. Besides this, the seeds are an excellent source of polyphenols and antioxidants, such as caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, myricetin, quercetin, and others. Today, chia has been analyzed in different areas of research. Researches around the world have been investigating the benefits of chia seeds in the medicinal, pharmaceutical, and food industry. Chia oil is today one of the most valuable oils on the market. Different extraction methods have been used to produce the oil. In the present study, an extensive overview of the chemical composition, nutritional properties, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, along with extraction methods used to produce chia oil, will be discussed.

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Chia seeds contain omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, potassium, calcium, and flavonoids (quercetin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid) that have been linked to reduced blood pressure.
“They are rich in crucial fatty acids, particularly with a high omega-3 to omega-6 ratio, linked to reduced BP and a lower risk of CVD [43–45]. A 100-g serving of chia provides significant amounts of magnesium, potassium, and calcium, all potent vasodilators and vascular smooth muscle contraction inhibitors, effectively reducing BP [46–49]. Additionally, chia seeds contain flavonoids such as querc”
From Effects of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) supplementation on cardiometabolic health in overweight subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
Section 2.3 (Minerals; page unavailable) confirms that chia seeds contain magnesium, potassium, and calcium, but does not link those minerals to lower blood pressure. Sections 2.4 (Phenolic Compounds) and 6 (Therapeutic Value; pages unavailable) link the named flavonoids and omega-3 fatty acids to antihypertensive effects, and Section 6 reports reduced diastolic blood pressure after chia consumption. The specific blood-pressure effect attributed to the minerals is not supported by these passages. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Chia seeds may improve lipid profile, glycemic markers, antioxidant properties, blood pressure regulation, and weight management.
“According to recent research, chia seeds may improve lipid profile, glycemic markers, antioxidant properties, blood pressure (BP) regulation, and weight management [14, 15].”
From Effects of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) supplementation on cardiometabolic health in overweight subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
The primary phenolics content in chia seeds (μg per 100 g) includes caffeic acid (27.0), quercetin (0.17), kaempferol (0.01), daidzin (6.6), glycitin (1.4), and genistin (3.4).
“The primary phenolics content in chia seeds (in µg per 100 g), includes caffeic acid (27.0), quercetin (0.17), kaempferol (0.01), daidzin (6.6), glycitin (1.4), and genistin (3.4) [27].”
From Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
Flavonoids in chia seeds such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin provide anti-carcinogenic and anti-hypertensive properties.
“Flavonoids in chia seeds, such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin, provide anti-carcinogenic and anti-hypertensive properties [27].”
From Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds (2023) · cites this paper as [27]
Chia seed peptides (16 kDa) show an antihypertensive influence on angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE).
“Also, these peptides (16 kDa) show an antihypertensive influence on angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) [27,95].”
From Nutritional and Functional New Perspectives and Potential Health Benefits of Quinoa and Chia Seeds (2023) · cites this paper as [27]

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[72]Ayerza R. Coates W. Chia: Rediscovering a Forgotten Crop of the Aztecs University of Arizona Press Tuscon, AZ, USA 2005 978-0-8165-2488-4

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Authors: Knez Hrnčič, M., Ivanovski, M., Cör, D., & Knez, Ž.
Affiliations: Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
University of Maribor (SI)
ORCID: Cör, Darija
Knez, Željko
Venue: Molecules
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2019-12-18
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Pages: 11
ISSN: 1420-3049 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010011
PMC: PMC6994964
OpenAlex: W2996507836
Cited by: 286
References: 73
Citations by year: 2026: 39 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 13 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 1.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Molecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS (P2-0046)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Seed and Plant Biochemistry
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Edible Oils Quality and Analysis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Keywords: Salvia hispanica, phytochemical composition, polyphenols, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, chia oil, oil extraction methods, nutritional properties, antimicrobial activity, therapeutic applications, food industry applications
MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents, Antioxidants, Plant Extracts, Seeds, Molecular Structure, Salvia, Phytochemicals

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Chia Seeds (Salvia Hispanica L.): An Overview—Phytochemical Profile, Isolation Methods, and Application

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