Chia Seed Supplementation and Disease Risk Factors in Overweight Women: A Metabolomics Investigation
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OBJECTIVE/SETTING: This study assessed the effectiveness of milled and whole chia seed in altering disease risk factors in overweight, postmenopausal women using a metabolomics approach. DESIGN/INTERVENTION: Subjects were randomized to chia seed (whole or milled) and placebo (poppy seed) groups, and under double-blinded procedures ingested 25 g chia seed or placebo supplements each day for 10 weeks. SUBJECTS: Subjects included 62 overweight (body-mass index 25 kg/m(2) and higher), nondiseased, nonsmoking, postmenopausal women, ages 49-75 years, with analysis based on the 56 subjects who completed all phases of the study. OUTCOME MEASURES: Pre- and poststudy measures included body mass and composition, blood pressure and augmentation index, serum lipid profile, inflammation markers from fasting blood samples, plasma fatty acids, and metabolic profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multivariate statistical methods including principal component analysis and partial least-square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). RESULTS: Plasma α-linolenic acid (N=ALA) increased 58% (interaction effect, p=0.002) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 39% (p=0.016) in the milled chia seed group (N=14) compared to nonsignificant changes in the whole chia seed (N=16) and placebo (N=26) groups. Pre-to-post measures of body composition, inflammation, blood pressure, augmentation index, and lipoproteins did not differ between chia seed (whole or milled) and placebo groups (all interaction effects, p>0.05). Global metabolic difference scores for each group calculated through PLS-DA models were nonsignificant (Q(2)Y<0.40), and fold-changes for 28 targeted metabolites associated with inflammation and disease risk factors did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of 25 g/day milled chia seed compared to whole chia seed or placebo for 10 weeks by overweight women increased plasma ALA and EPA, but had no influence on inflammation or disease risk factors using both traditional and metabolomics-based measures.
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Chia seeds' high insoluble fiber content lowers blood pressure more effectively than soluble fiber.
“Previous studies have highlighted the beneficial components of chia seeds for cardiovascular health, including their high insoluble fiber content, which more effectively lowers BP than soluble fiber [29, 38–41].”
From Effects of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) supplementation on cardiometabolic health in overweight subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
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The Effect of Teff Seed on Hematological Findings and Anthropometric Measurements
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Exposure Assessment of Essential and Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) from Chia Seeds
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Chemical Composition, Health Benefits and Applications of Chia seeds: A Review
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Foundations of Pediatric Lifestyle Medicine
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Chia – Superfood oder nur ein Hype?
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Семена чиа (лат. Salvia hispanica)
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- Authors
- Nieman, D. C., Gillitt, N., Jin, F., Henson, D. A., Kennerly, K., Shanely, R. A., Ore, B., Su, M., & Schwartz, S.
- Affiliations
- Appalachian State University (US)
- Dole Nutrition Research Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC.
- David H. Murdock Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nieman, David C.
- Venue
- The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 700-708
- ISSN
- 1075-5535 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7708
- OpenAlex
- W2075898111
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Appalachian State University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Seed and Plant Biochemistry
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- Salvia hispanica, dietary supplementation, overweight women, postmenopausal women, plasma fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, inflammatory markers, disease risk factors, body composition, blood pressure, serum lipids, metabolomics
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Blood Pressure, Body Composition, Dietary Fats, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Lipoproteins, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Phytotherapy, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk Factors, Seeds, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Biomarkers, Multivariate Analysis, Postmenopause, alpha-Linolenic Acid, Dietary Supplements, Salvia, Plant Preparations, Metabolomics
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