Anti-Aging and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Compounds from Fresh Panax ginseng Roots: A Study on TNF-α/IFN-γ-Induced Skin Cell Damage

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ginsenoside Rg2 (1) and ginsenoside Rg1 (4) have exhibited anti-aging effects in Hs68 and HaCaT cells, respectively, related to a reduction in MMP-1 expression and ROS.

“In previous studies, ginsenoside Rg2 (1) and ginsenoside Rg1 (4) have exhibited anti-aging effects in Hs68 and HaCaT cells, respectively. These were related to a reduction in MMP-1 expression and ROS [17,31].”

• cites [17] Oh, S.-R., Park, S.-K., Lee, P., and Kim, Y.-M. (2023). The ginsenoside Rg2 downregulates MMP-1 expression in keratinocyte (HaCaT)-conditioned medium-treated human fibroblasts (Hs68). Appl. Biol. Chem., 66. sourceSupported
• cites [31] Li, J., Liu, D., Wu, J., Zhang, D., Cheng, B., Zhang, Y., Yin, Z., Wang, Y., Du, J., and Ling, C. (2016). Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates ultraviolet B-induced glucocortisides resistance in keratinocytes via Nrf2/HDAC2 signalling. Sci. Rep., 6. sourcePartly supported

  The Results section, “Rg1 restored HDAC2 levels through ROS inhibition” (page unavailable), reports that Rg1 reduced UVB-induced ROS production in HaCaT keratinocytes. The paper investigates glucocorticoid resistance and skin inflammation, not an anti-aging effect in those cells; it does not report reduced MMP-1 expression. The Rg2/Hs68 finding is not attributed specifically to this source in the multiply cited sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ginsenoside Rf (2) has anti-melanogenic properties through inhibition of the CREB/MITF pathway in Mel-Ab mouse melanocytes and ex vivo human skin.

“For ginsenoside Rf (2), anti-melanogenic properties have been shown through the inhibition of the CREB/MITF pathway in Mel-Ab mouse melanocytes and ex vivo human skin, but its protective effects have been less extensively explored [34].”

• cites [34] Lee, 2021, Anti-melanogenic property of ginsenoside Rf from Panax ginseng via inhibition of CREB/MITF pathway in melanocytes and ex vivo human skin, J. Ginseng Res. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

P. ginseng exerts protective effects against skin aging by reducing inflammation and stimulating collagen synthesis, as demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo models.

“Numerous pharmacological studies have confirmed that P. ginseng exerts protective effects against skin aging by mechanisms such as reducing inflammation and stimulating collagen synthesis, as demonstrated through both in vitro and in vivo experimental models [10,11,12,13,14].”

• cites [10] Choi, 2008, Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of Korean Panax ginseng CA Meyer, Acta Pharmacol. Sin. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [11] Lee, R., Lee, N.-E., Hwang, H., Rhim, H., Cho, I.-H., and Nah, S.-Y. (2019). Ginseng gintonin enhances hyaluronic acid and collagen release from human dermal fibroblasts through lysophosphatidic acid receptor interaction. Molecules, 24. sourcePartly supported

  The Results (section 2.4; page unavailable) show that a ginseng-derived gintonin-enriched fraction increased collagen release and collagen-related gene expression in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. The Discussion (section 3; page unavailable) describes anti-aging effects as a possibility, not a demonstrated outcome. This paper does not report reduced skin inflammation or an in vivo skin-aging model. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [12] Oh, 2015, Ginsenoside Rb2 attenuates UV-B radiation-induced reactive oxygen species and matrix metalloproteinase-2 through upregulation of antioxidant components in human dermal fibroblasts, Pharmacology sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [13] Ramadhania, Z.M., Yang, D.U., Moektiwardojo, M., Han, Y., Park, J.K., Rupa, E.J., Yang, D.C., Lee, S.J., and Kang, S.C. (2022). Enhanced anti-akin aging effects of fermented black ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer) by Aspergillus niger KHNT-1. Appl. Sci., 13. sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page not provided) reports anti-wrinkle effects of fermented black ginseng, and Figure 4 describes COL-1 mRNA measurements in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. These support an in vitro skin-aging effect, but the cited paper does not demonstrate reduced inflammation, directly measure collagen synthesis, or report an in vivo model for its experiments. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [14] Shin, S., Lee, J.-A., Son, D., Park, D., and Jung, E. (2017). Anti-skin-aging activity of a standardized extract from Panax ginseng leaves in vitro and in human volunteer. Cosmetics, 4. sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that a purified P. ginseng leaf extract promoted collagen synthesis in human skin fibroblasts and that a lotion containing the extract reduced crow’s-feet wrinkle depth in volunteers. The Discussion (page unavailable) likewise describes its potential anti-skin-aging effects. Neither passage supports reducing inflammation as a mechanism, so this source supports only part of the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Compounds 2, 3, and 7-14 showed pronounced antioxidant effects, effectively reducing intracellular ROS levels in NHDFs.

“Among the compounds, compounds 2, 3, and 7–14 showed pronounced antioxidant effects, effectively reducing intracellular ROS levels.”

May combine two claims.

14 compounds were isolated from the hot water extract of P. ginseng roots, consisting of seven ginsenosides (1-7), three phenolics (8-10), two lignans (11 and 12), and two polyacetylene glucosides (13 and 14).

“In the present study, 14 compounds were isolated from the hot water extract of P. ginseng roots.”

• Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain

  “In this work, repeated chromatography was employed to isolate 14 known compounds consisting of seven ginsenosides (1–7), three phenolics (8–10), two lignans (11 and 12), and two polyacetylene glucosides (13 and 14) from the hot water extract of fresh P. ginseng roots.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Compound 2 restored LOR, AQP3, and FLG expression in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated NHEK cells.

“Notably, treatment with compound 2 at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM effectively restored LOR levels, bringing them to 0.54 ± 0.02-fold (p < 0.01), 0.75 ± 0.02-fold (p < 0.01), 0.76 ± 0.00-fold (p < 0.001), and 0.73 ± 0.04-fold (p < 0.01), respectively.”

• Also stated in: § 2.7. Effect of Compound 2 on Skin Barrier in TNF-α/IFN-γ-Treated NHEKs · plain

  “However, treatment with compound 2 helped recover AQP3 levels, increasing them to 0.43 ± 0.02-fold at 12.5 μM (p < 0.01), 0.67 ± 0.02-fold at 25 μM (p < 0.05), 0.70 ± 0.00-fold at 50 μM (p < 0.05) and 0.75 ± 0.04-fold at 100 μM (p < 0.001).”

• Also stated in: § 2.7. Effect of Compound 2 on Skin Barrier in TNF-α/IFN-γ-Treated NHEKs · hedged

  “Treatment with compound 2 partially restored FLG levels, increasing to 0.45 ± 0.02-fold at 50 μM (p < 0.001) and to 0.51 ± 0.02-fold at 100 μM (p < 0.001), indicating a recovery of this protein important for skin hydration and barrier function.”

May combine two claims.

Compound 2 (ginsenoside Rf) significantly increased pro-collagen Type I α1 levels in TNF-α-treated NHDFs at all tested concentrations, elevating secretion to 0.74 ± 0.04, 0.80 ± 0.01, 0.85 ± 0.03, and 0.80 ± 0.04-fold at 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM, respectively (p < 0.05, p < 0.01).

“Specifically, compound 2 (ginsenoside Rf) demonstrated a significant increase in pro-collagen Type I α1 levels at all tested concentrations. Specifically, it elevated pro-collagen secretion to 0.74 ± 0.04, 0.80 ± 0.01, 0.85 ± 0.03, and 0.80 ± 0.04-fold at concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μM, respectively (p < 0.05, p < 0.01).”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Treatment with 12 compounds, particularly compounds 2, 3, 7, 10, and 12, restored pro-collagen Type I α1 levels in TNF-α-treated NHDFs.

“However, treatment with 12 compounds, particularly compounds 2, 3, 7, 10, and 12, restored pro-collagen levels, suggesting the possibility that they could offset the effects of TNF-α and promote collagen production.”

May combine two claims.

Compound 2 stood out as having robust multi-targeted effects, excelling in reducing oxidative stress, promoting collagen production, and inhibiting matrix degradation.

“Compound 2 stood out as having robust multi-targeted effects, excelling in reducing oxidative stress, promoting collagen production, and inhibiting matrix degradation.”

May combine two claims.

Compound 2 increased keratin 1 expression in NHEK cells under TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced stress to 0.69 ± 0.02-fold at 25 μM (p < 0.05), 0.83 ± 0.03-fold at 50 μM (p < 0.01), and 0.84 ± 0.2-fold at 100 μM (p < 0.001), showing dose-dependent improvement.

“but compound 2 effectively increased keratin 1 to 0.69 ± 0.02-fold at 25 μM (p < 0.05), 0.83 ± 0.03-fold at 50 μM (p < 0.01) and 0.84 ± 0.2-fold at 100 μM (p < 0.001), showing a dose-dependent improvement in keratin maintenance.”

May combine two claims.

Both the extract and compounds 1-14 reduced MMP-1 levels compared to the TNF-α-stimulated control in NHDFs.

“However, both the extract and 14 compounds demonstrated efficacy in reducing MMP-1 levels compared to the TNF-α-stimulated control.”

May combine two claims.

threo-guaiacylglycerol-β-ferulic acid ether (11), symplocosneolignan A (12), 8E-decaene-4,6-diyn-1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1′′→2′)-β-d-glucopyranoside (13), and panaxjapyne D (14) were first isolated/reported for the first time from P. ginseng.

“Moreover, threo-guaiacylglycerol-β-ferulic acid ether (11), symplocosneolignan A (12), 8E-decaene-4,6-diyn-1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1″→2′)-β-d-glucopyranoside (13), and panaxjapyne D (14) were first isolated from P. ginseng.”

• Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions · plain

  “threo-Guaiacylglycerol-β-ferulic acid ether (11), symplocosneolignan A (12), 8E-decaene-4,6-diyn-1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1″→2′)-β-d-glucopyranoside (13), and panaxjapyne D (14) were reported for the first time in P. ginseng.”

May combine two claims.

Compounds 1-14 were isolated from the hot water extract of P. ginseng roots and identified by NMR comparison with published data.

“The structures of known compounds were identified as ginsenoside Rg2 (1) [20], ginsenoside Rf (2) [21], panajaponol A (3) [22], ginsenoside Rg1 (4) [23], ginsenoside Re (5) [21], 20-glucoginsenoside Rf (6) [24], ginsenoside Rb1 (7) [21]”

May combine two claims.

The isolates (except 1 and 8) have the ability to reduce collagen degradation and protect the extracellular matrix from tissue damage.

“suggesting their ability to reduce collagen degradation and protect the extracellular matrix from tissue damage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The spider chart analysis supported these observations by visually comparing the anti-aging efficacy of the compounds.

“The spider chart analysis supported these observations by visually comparing the anti-aging efficacy of the compounds.”

May combine two claims.

Compound 2 has a strong inhibitory effect on key inflammatory mediators in NHEK cells, effectively reducing the production of NO, PGE2, IL-1β, and IL-6 that were significantly elevated due to TNF-α and IFN-γ stimulation.

“Based on the observed results, it is evident that compound 2 has a strong inhibitory effect on key inflammatory mediators in NHEK cells, effectively reducing the production of NO, PGE2, IL-1β, and IL-6 that were significantly elevated due to TNF-α and IFN-γ stimulation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ginsenoside Re (5) and ginsenoside Rb1 (7) have been reported to alleviate skin inflammation in animal models.

“In addition, ginsenoside Re (5) and ginsenoside Rb1 (7) have been reported to alleviate skin inflammation in animal models [32,33].”

• cites [32] Paul, 2012, Inhibition of inflammations and macrophage activation by ginsenoside-Re isolated from Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Meyer), Food Chem. Toxicol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [33] Kim, 2009, Effects of ginseng saponins isolated from red ginseng on ultraviolet B-induced skin aging in hairless mice, Eur. J. Pharmacol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

P. ginseng contains phenolic compounds and lignans, but their effects on skin aging have not been explored as thoroughly, with only limited studies available.

“While ginsenosides have been the primary focus of research, it is important to note that P. ginseng also contains various phenolic compounds and lignans. However, their effects on skin aging have not been explored as thoroughly, with only limited studies available on their potential roles [18,19].”

• cites [18] Han, B.-H., Huh, B.-H., and Lee, I.-R. Lignan components from Panax ginseng CA Meyer. Proceedings of the Ginseng Society Conference.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [19] Tung, 2010, Phenolic components from the leaves of Panax ginseng and their effects on HL-60 human leukemia cells, Food Sci. Biotechnol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Compound 2 (ginsenoside Rf) demonstrated strong multi-targeted activity in TNF-α-stimulated NHDFs, effectively reducing oxidative stress, promoting collagen synthesis, and inhibiting matrix degradation.

“In contrast, compound 2 (ginsenoside Rf) demonstrated strong multi-targeted activity. They effectively reduced oxidative stress, promoted collagen synthesis, and inhibited matrix degradation.”

May combine two claims.

Their ability to counteract oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and support skin barrier integrity makes them promising candidates for skincare and dermatological treatments.

“Their ability to counteract oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and support skin barrier integrity makes them promising candidates for skincare and dermatological treatments.”