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Creatine Supplementation, Physical Exercise and Oxidative Stress Markers: A Review of the Mechanisms and Effectiveness

Arazi, Hamid, Eghbali, Ehsan, Suzuki, Katsuhiko·2021·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu13030869PMC PMC8000194
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Abstract

Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their elimination by antioxidant mechanisms. ROS degrade biogenic substances such as deoxyribonucleic acid, lipids, and proteins, which in turn may lead to oxidative tissue damage. One of the physiological conditions currently associated with enhanced oxidative stress is exercise. Although a period of intense training may cause oxidative damage to muscle fibers, regular exercise helps increase the cells’ ability to reduce the ROS over-accumulation. Regular moderate-intensity exercise has been shown to increase antioxidant defense. Endogenous antioxidants cannot completely prevent oxidative damage under the physiological and pathological conditions (intense exercise and exercise at altitude). These conditions may disturb the endogenous antioxidant balance and increase oxidative stress. In this case, the use of antioxidant supplements such as creatine can have positive effects on the antioxidant system. Creatine is made up of two essential amino acids, arginine and methionine, and one non-essential amino acid, glycine. The exact action mechanism of creatine as an antioxidant is not known. However, it has been shown to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the capability to eliminate ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). It seems that the antioxidant effects of creatine may be due to various mechanisms such as its indirect (i.e., increased or normalized cell energy status) and direct (i.e., maintaining mitochondrial integrity) mechanisms. Creatine supplement consumption may have a synergistic effect with training, but the intensity and duration of training can play an important role in the antioxidant activity. In this study, the researchers attempted to review the literature on the effects of creatine supplementation and physical exercise on oxidative stress.

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  • High-intensity exercise may tend to induce oxidative injury and trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative damage and harmful effects on human health.

    “a heart rate reaching 70–90% of the maximum heart rate during high-intensity exercise, such as sprinting, heavy-load weightlifting, or competitive sports, may tend to induce oxidative injury and trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Consequently, this causes oxidative damage and has harmful effects on human health [2].”

    From Spirulina Supplementation Alleviates Intense Exercise-Induced Damage and Modulates Gut Microbiota in Mice (2025) · cites this paper as [2]

    The Introduction and Section 5 state that intense exercise can increase ROS and oxidative stress, and that high ROS levels can cause muscle dysfunction or tissue damage. The paper does not establish the citing sentence’s 70–90% maximum-heart-rate threshold or its specific exercise examples. Its Introduction also says the predominant effect of exercise-related ROS on human health remains controversial, so the unqualified claim of harmful effects on human health goes beyond the source. (LLM, conf=0.87)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Arazi, H., Eghbali, E., & Suzuki, K.
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-03-06
Volume
13
Issue
3
Pages
869
ISSN
2072-6643
DOI
10.3390/nu13030869
PMC
PMC8000194
Cited by
125
References
10
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan. (20H00574)

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