Molecular responses to strength and endurance training: Are they incompatible?This paper article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Abstract
Simultaneously training for both strength and endurance results in a compromised adaptation, compared with training for either exercise mode alone. This has been variously described as the concurrent training effect or the interference effect. It now appears that the genetic and molecular mechanisms of adaptation induced by resistance- and endurance-based training are distinct, with each mode of exercise activating and (or) repressing specific subsets of genes and cellular signalling pathways. This brief review will summarize our current understanding of the molecular responses to strength and endurance training, and will examine the molecular evidence for an interference effect when concurrent training is undertaken. A better understanding of the activation and interaction of the molecular pathways in response to these different modes of exercise will permit sport scientists to develop improved training programs capable of maximizing both strength and endurance.
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If energetic stress is chronically high, the nucleolus remains perpetually constricted by AMPK, rendering the fiber entirely incapable of accumulating the total RNA necessary for long-term myofibrillar accretion, regardless of dietary protein ingestion.
“If energetic stress is chronically high, the nucleolus remains perpetually constricted by AMPK, rendering the fiber entirely incapable of accumulating the total RNA necessary for long-term myofibrillar accretion, regardless of dietary protein ingestion [136,138].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [136]
When human participants perform concurrent training, the acute post-exercise accumulation of specific ribosomal transcripts and nucleolar signaling cascades is significantly blunted compared to resistance training alone.
“Fyfe, Hawley, and Stepto conducted rigorous in vivo investigations demonstrating that when human participants perform concurrent training, the acute post-exercise accumulation of specific ribosomal transcripts and nucleolar signaling cascades is significantly blunted compared to resistance training alone [129,136].”
From Ribosome Biogenesis as a Putative Bottleneck to Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Mechanisms, Human Evidence, and Practical Modulators (2026) · cites this paper as [136]
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“If energetic stress is chronically high, the nucleolus remains perpetually constricted by AMPK, rendering the fiber entirely incapable of accumulating the total RNA necessary for long-term myofibrillar accretion, regardless of dietary protein ingestion [136,138].”
- Authors
- Hawley, J. A.
- Affiliations
- RMIT University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Hawley, John A.
- ORCID
- Hawley, John A.
- Venue
- Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 355-361
- ISSN
- 1715-5312 (ISSN-L)
- 1715-5320
- OpenAlex
- W1687567765
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 1.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Australian Sports Commission
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- concurrent training, interference effects, resistance training, endurance training, exercise adaptation, gene expression, signaling pathways, training program design
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Humans, Physical Endurance, Muscle, Skeletal, Resistance Training
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