Cited by 103Dietary Effects on HealthDiet and metabolism studiesGenetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms

Effects of Calorie Restriction on Health Span and Insulin Resistance: Classic Calorie Restriction Diet vs. Ketosis-Inducing Diet

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Napoleão, Ana, Fernandes, Lívia, Miranda, Cátia, Marum, Ana Paula·2021·Nutrients

Published version of a preprint

Abstract

As the incidence of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs) increases, preventive approaches become more crucial. In this review, calorie restriction (CR) effects on human beings were evaluated, comparing the benefits and risks of different CR diets: classic CR vs. ketosis-inducing diets, including intermittent fasting (IF), classic ketogenic diet (CKD), fasting mimicking diet (FMD), very-low-calorie ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) and Spanish ketogenic Mediterranean diet (SKMD). Special emphasis on insulin resistance (IR) was placed, as it mediates metabolic syndrome (MS), a known risk factor for CNCD, and is predictive of MS diagnosis. CR is the most robust intervention known to increase lifespan and health span, with high evidence and known biochemical mechanisms. CR improves cardiometabolic risk parameters, boosts exercise insulin sensitivity response, and there may be benefits of implementing moderate CR on healthy young and middle-aged individuals. However, there is insufficient evidence to support long-term CR. CKD is effective for weight and MS management, and may have additional benefits such as prevention of muscle loss and appetite control. SKMD has extreme significance benefits for all the metabolic parameters studied. Studies show inconsistent benefits of IF compared to classic CR. More studies are required to study biochemical parameters, reinforce evidence, identify risks, and seek effective and safe nutritional CR approaches.

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Authors
Napoleão, A., Fernandes, L., Miranda, C., & Marum, A. P.
Affiliations
  • Spanish Society of Precision Health, SENMO/SESAP, 38320 Canary Islands, Spain
  • Integrative Medicine Centre, CEMINT, Technical-Scientific Nucleus, 2800-56 Almada, Portugal
  • Universidade Politécnica de Setúbal (PT)
Corresponding author
Marum, Ana Paula
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-04-15
Volume
13
Issue
4
Pages
1302
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3153266122
Cited by
103
References
137
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5
FWCI
9.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
Keywords
caloric restriction, healthspan, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, intermittent fasting, ketogenic diet, fasting-mimicking diet, very low-calorie ketogenic diet, non-communicable diseases, cardiometabolic risk, weight management, muscle mass loss, appetite regulation
MeSH terms
Fasting, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Ketosis, Longevity, Caloric Restriction, Diet, Mediterranean, Diet, Ketogenic

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