Caloric Restriction Delays Disease Onset and Mortality in Rhesus Monkeys
Open accessAbstract
Starved to Life?: Caloric restriction—reducing the calories ingested by around 30% of that of a normal, fit individual—leads to substantial increases in life span in experimental animals. In an extensive study of caloric restriction in primates, Colman et al. (p. 201 ) report that rhesus monkeys, which were subjected to caloric restriction as adults and followed for the last 20 years, show decreased mortality and delayed onset of age-related diseases when compared to normally fed control animals. If compliance with such a diet were not so difficult, many humans would be strongly tempted to enjoy the decreased incidence of brain degeneration, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer apparent in this population of monkeys.
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Dietary restriction has been the most effective strategy to demonstrate an increase in lifespan across a whole range of investigated species, including nonhuman primates.
“dietary restriction has been the most effective strategy to demonstrate an increase in lifespan across a whole range of investigated species, including nonhuman primates”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Colman et al., 2009
The paper’s Abstract says caloric restriction extends lifespan in diverse species, and its rhesus-monkey study found fewer age-related deaths under restriction. It does not establish that dietary restriction is the most effective strategy compared with others; it also reports that the effect on overall mortality in the monkeys was not statistically significant. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA calorie-restricted diet extends lifespan in a range of animal species including primates.
“Such a diet is known to extend the lifespan in a range of animal species including primates 43”
From Resilience in mental health: linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. (2013) · cites this paper as [43]
Caloric restriction was found to prolong the healthy lifespan of rhesus monkeys in 2009.
“Correspondingly, CR was found to prolong the healthy lifespan of rhesus monkeys in 2009.40”
From Antiageing strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: from mechanisms to clinical advances (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
A long-term experiment showed lifespan extension in calorie-restricted rhesus macaques.
“Recently, this phenomenon has been extended to primates, in a long-term experiment showing lifespan extension in calorie-restricted rhesus macaques (75).”
From Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline (2010) · cites this paper as [75]
Caloric restriction has beneficial effects on the function of the brain and its vulnerability to age-dependent pathology.
“Caloric restriction has also been widely documented to have beneficial effects on the function of the brain and its vulnerability to age-dependent pathology.”
From Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline (2010) · cites this paper as [75]
Caloric restriction prevents many age-dependent gene expression changes in the mouse brain, reduces age-related brain atrophy in rhesus macaques, and has significant beneficial effects on the age-dependent impairment of learning and memory in rodents and humans.
“It prevents many age-dependent gene expression changes in the mouse brain (8,43), reduces age-related brain atrophy in rhesus macaques (75) and has significant beneficial effects on the age-dependent impairment of learning and memory in rodents (76,77) and humans (78).”
From Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline (2010) · cites this paper as [75]
A longitudinal study suggested that long-term calorie restriction of 30% significantly reduces age-related deaths in adult rhesus monkeys.
“A longitudinal study suggested that long-term calorie restriction of 30% significantly reduces age-related deaths in adult rhesus monkeys and a 50% lower incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease as compared to control animals (208).”
From A Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances Healthspan and Extends Lifespan (2021) · cites this paper as [208]
A longitudinal study suggested that long-term calorie restriction of 30% results in a 50% lower incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease compared to control animals.
“A longitudinal study suggested that long-term calorie restriction of 30% significantly reduces age-related deaths in adult rhesus monkeys and a 50% lower incidence of cancer and cardiovascular disease as compared to control animals (208).”
From A Critical Review of the Evidence That Metformin Is a Putative Anti-Aging Drug That Enhances Healthspan and Extends Lifespan (2021) · cites this paper as [208]
Both studies point to the fact that CR increases healthspan in monkeys by reducing the risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
“However, both studies point to the fact that CR increases healthspan in monkeys by reducing the risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.”
From The Search for Antiaging Interventions: From Elixirs to Fasting Regimens (2014) · cites this paper as Colman et al., 2009
Two studies have addressed the effects of CR on non-human primates, but with different outcomes: one observed prolonged life while the other did not.
“Two studies have addressed the effects of CR on non-human primates, but with different outcomes. One study observed prolonged life (Colman et al., 2009) while the other did not (Mattison et al., 2012).”
From The Search for Antiaging Interventions: From Elixirs to Fasting Regimens (2014) · cites this paper as Colman et al., 2009
The high sugar (sucrose) concentration contained in the ad libitum diet of the UW study led to a shortened lifespan within the cohort of control monkeys, thus accounting for the lifespan extension when animals were fed a CR diet.
“It would appear that the high sugar (sucrose) concentration contained in the ad libitum diet (control group) of the UW study (Colman et al., 2009) led to a shortened lifespan within the cohort of control monkeys, thus accounting for the lifespan extension when animals were fed a CR diet.”
From The Search for Antiaging Interventions: From Elixirs to Fasting Regimens (2014) · cites this paper as Colman et al., 2009
Caloric restriction is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology and inflammatory markers in rodents, non-human primates, and humans.
“Caloric restriction (middle) is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) and inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans (Colman et al, 2009;Willette et al, 2012;Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Colman et al, 2009
In a 20-year-long longitudinal study on Rhesus monkeys, the survival rates of monkeys under caloric restriction diet (30% of normal diet) and those under normal diet were reported to be 80% and 50%, respectively.
“In a 20-year-long longitudinal study on Rhesus monkeys, the survival rates of monkeys under calorierestriction diet (30% of normal diet) and those under normal diet were reported to be 80% and 50%, respectively (Colman et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Colman et al, 2009
The benefits of caloric restriction observed in humans have also been reported in other species, such as rats, mice, and monkeys.
“The benefits of caloric restriction observed in humans have also been reported in other species, such as rats, mice, and monkeys (Colman et al, 2009;Richardson et al, 2015;Youm et al, 2016).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Colman et al, 2009
Monkeys under the caloric restriction condition had delayed onset of aging-associated pathology, such as neoplasia, cardiovascular diseases, and glucose-associated impairments, and showed higher gray matter volume in subcortical regions.
“Furthermore, monkeys under the caloric restriction condition had delayed onset of aging-associated pathology, such as, neoplasia, cardiovascular diseases, and glucose-associated impairments, and showed higher gray matter volume in subcortical regions (Colman et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Colman et al, 2009
Caloric restriction is associated with increased gray matter volume in rodents, non-human primates, and humans.
“Caloric restriction (middle) is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) and inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans(Colman et al, 2009;Willette et al, 2012;Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Colman et al, 2009
Caloric restriction is associated with prolonged life in rodents, non-human primates, and humans.
“Caloric restriction (middle) is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) and inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans(Colman et al, 2009;Willette et al, 2012;Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Colman et al, 2009
Caloric restriction is associated with reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans.
“Caloric restriction (middle) is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) and inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans(Colman et al, 2009;Willette et al, 2012;Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Colman et al, 2009
Caloric restriction is associated with improved motor function in rodents, non-human primates, and humans.
“Caloric restriction (middle) is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) and inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans(Colman et al, 2009;Willette et al, 2012;Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Colman et al, 2009
Caloric restriction is associated with reduced inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans.
“Caloric restriction (middle) is associated with prolonged life, increased gray matter volume, improved motor function, and reduced chronic pathology (eg, neoplasia) and inflammatory markers (complement proteins, antigen presentation markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in rodents, non-human primates, and humans(Colman et al, 2009;Willette et al, 2012;Witte et al, 2009).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Colman et al, 2009
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- Authors
- Colman, R. J., Anderson, R. M., Johnson, S. C., Kastman, E. K., Kosmatka, K. J., Beasley, T. M., Allison, D. B., Cruzen, C., Simmons, H. A., Kemnitz, J. W., & Weindruch, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Colman, Ricki J.
- Weindruch, Richard
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2009-07-10
- Volume
- 325
- Issue
- 5937
- Pages
- 201-204
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC2812811
- OpenAlex
- W1966132436
- Cited by
- 2,277
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 127 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 133 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 133 · 2015: 161 · 2014: 159 · 2013: 210 · 2012: 181
- FWCI
- 59.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P01-AG-11915, P01AG011915)
- National Center for Research Resources (C06RR020141, RR 15459-01, C06RR015459, RR 020141-01, P51RR000167)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Sirtuins and Resveratrol in Medicine
- Keywords
- caloric restriction, rhesus monkeys, aging, longevity, mortality, disease onset, diabetes mellitus, cancer, cardiovascular disease, brain atrophy
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Atrophy, Body Weight, Brain, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Glucose, Longevity, Macaca mulatta, Male, Neoplasms, Incidence, Caloric Restriction
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