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Cited by 53Exercise and Physiological ResponsesCardiovascular and exercise physiologyMuscle metabolism and nutrition

Effects of Nitrate Supplementation on Exercise Performance in Humans: A Narrative Review

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Macuh, Matjaž, Knap, Bojan·2021·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu13093183PMC PMC8465461
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Abstract

Nitrates have become increasingly popular for their potential role as an ergogenic aid. The purpose of this article was to review the current scientific evidence of nitrate supplementation on human performance. The current recommendation of nitrate supplementation is discussed, as well as possible health complications associated with nitrate intake for athletes, and dietary strategies of covering nitrate needs through sufficient intake of nitrate-rich foods alone are presented. Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for articles on the effects of nitrate supplementation in humans. Nitrates are an effective ergogenic aid when taken acutely or chronically in the range of ~5–16.8 mmol (~300–1041 mg) 2–3 h before exercise and primarily in the case of exercise duration of ~10–17 min in less trained individuals (VO2max < 65 mL/kg/min). Nitrate needs are most likely meet by ingesting approximately 250–500 g of leafy and root vegetables per day; however, dietary supplements might represent a more convenient and accurate way of covering an athlete’s nitrate needs. Athletes should refrain from mouthwash usage when nitrate supplementation benefits are desired. Future research should focus on the potential beneficial effects of nitrate supplementation on brain function, possible negative impacts of chronic nitrate supplementation through different nitrate sources, and the effectiveness of nitrate supplementation on strength and high-intensity intermittent exercise.

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  • Recommended nitrate dosages generally range between 300-600 mg ingested 1-2 h prior to exercise.

    “Recommended dosages generally range between 300–600 mg ingested 1–2 h prior to exercise [204,205,206].”

    From Bioavailability, Efficacy, Safety, and Regulatory Status of Creatine and Related Compounds: A Critical Review (2022) · cites this paper as [206]

    Section 2.1 gives a likely effective dose of 5–9 mmol (310–560 mg), broadly consistent with the claimed 300–600 mg range. It recommends taking an acute dose 2–3 hours before exercise, not 1–2 hours, and says effects are not statistically significant when nitrate is taken less than 2 hours beforehand. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)

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Authors
Macuh, M., & Knap, B.
Affiliations
University of Ljubljana (SI)
Corresponding author
Macuh, Matjaž
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-09-13
Volume
13
Issue
9
Pages
3183
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu13093183
PMC
PMC8465461
OpenAlex
W3199682581
Cited by
53
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10
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0.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
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  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
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Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords
nitrate supplementation, ergogenic aids, exercise performance, dietary nitrate, leafy vegetables, root vegetables, athletes, mouthwash, high-intensity intermittent exercise, strength, brain function
MeSH terms
Humans, Nitrates, Dietary Supplements, Athletic Performance, Performance-Enhancing Substances

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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