Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the adventist cohorts
Open accessAbstract
Vegetarians, those who avoid meat, and vegans, additionally avoiding dairy and eggs, represent 5% and 2%, respectively, of the US population. The aim of this review is to assess the effects of vegetarian diets, particularly strict vegetarian diets (i.e., vegans) on health and disease outcomes. We summarized available evidence from three prospective cohorts of Adventists in North America: Adventist Mortality Study, Adventist Health Study, and Adventist Health Study-2. Non-vegetarian diets were compared to vegetarian dietary patterns (i.e., vegan and lacto-ovo-vegetarian) on selected health outcomes. Vegetarian diets confer protection against cardiovascular diseases, cardiometabolic risk factors, some cancers and total mortality. Compared to lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, vegan diets seem to offer additional protection for obesity, hypertension, type-2 diabetes, and cardiovascular mortality. Males experience greater health benefits than females. Limited prospective data is available on vegetarian diets and body weight change. Large randomized intervention trials on the effects of vegetarian diet patterns on neurological and cognitive functions, obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular outcomes are warranted to make meaningful recommendations.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The impact of micronutrient status on key measures of exercise performance or adaptive responses to training is minimal compared with macronutrients.
“Although the impact of micronutrient status on key measures of exercise performance or adaptive responses to training is minimal (in comparison with macronutrients), clearly any deficiencies play a role in overall health.”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [228]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease
Lavie, C. J., Milani, R. V., & Ventura, H. O. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.068 · Cited by 2,326 · see citing works
Critical review: vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases
Boeing, H., Bechthold, A., Bub, A., Ellinger, S., Haller, D., Kroke, A., Leschik‐Bonnet, E., Müller, M. J., Oberritter, H., Schulze, M. B., et al. (2012) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0380-y · Cited by 1,776 · see citing works
Reeves, G. K., Pirie, K., Beral, V., Green, J., Spencer, E., & Bull, D. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39367.495995.ae · Cited by 1,507 · see citing works
Position of the American Dietetic Association: Vegetarian Diets
Craig, W. J., & Mangels, A. R. (2009) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2009.05.027 · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Threapleton, D. E., Greenwood, D. C., Evans, C. E. L., Cleghorn, C. L., Nykjaer, C., Woodhead, C., Cade, J. E., Gale, C. P., & Burley, V. J. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f6879 · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Obesity and cancer: the role of dysfunctional adipose tissue
van Kruijsdijk, R. C. M., van der Wall, E., & Visseren, F. L. J. (2009) · Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0372 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Obesity and Cardiovascular Diseases
Lavie, C. J., McAuley, P. A., Church, T. S., Milani, R. V., & Blair, S. N. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.022 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes
Tonstad, S., Butler, T., Yan, R., & Fraser, G. E. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1886 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Adventist Health Study 2
Orlich, M. J., Singh, P. N., Sabaté, J., Jaceldo-Siegl, K., Fan, J., Knutsen, S., Beeson, W. L., & Fraser, G. E. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6473 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
Self-citationDavey, G. K., Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Allen, N. E., Knox, K. H., & Key, T. J. (2003) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1079/phn2002430 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Role of life-style and dietary habits in risk of cancer among seventh-day adventists.
Phillips, R. L. (1975) · PubMed · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Potential contributions of food consumption patterns to climate change
Carlsson‐Kanyama, A., & González, A. D. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736aa · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Health, ethics and environment: A qualitative study of vegetarian motivations
Fox, N. J., & Ward, K. J. (2007) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.007 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Fraser, G. E. (1999) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.532s · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Key, T. J., Fraser, G. E., Thorogood, M., Appleby, P. N., Beral, V., Reeves, G., Burr, M. L., Chang-Claude, J., Frentzel-Beyme, R., Kuzma, J. W., et al. (1999) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.516s · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Vegetarian diets and incidence of diabetes in the Adventist Health Study-2
Tonstad, S., Stewart, K., Oda, K., Batech, M., Herring, R. P., & Fraser, G. E. (2013) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2011.07.004 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Nut Consumption and Blood Lipid Levels: A Pooled Analysis of 25 Intervention Trials
Sabaté, J. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.79 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Jenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Augustin, L. S. A., Mitchell, S., Sahye-Pudaruth, S., Blanco Mejia, S., Chiavaroli, L., Mirrahimi, A., Ireland, C., Bashyam, B., et al. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.70 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Vegetarian diets: what do we know of their effects on common chronic diseases?
Fraser, G. E. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736k · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Nutrition concerns and health effects of vegetarian diets
Craig, W. J. (2010) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533610385707 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Nutrient profiles of vegetarian and nonvegetarian dietary patterns
Rizzo, N. S., Jaceldo-Siegl, K., Sabate, J., & Fraser, G. E. (2013) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.06.349 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Diet and body mass index in 38 000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans
Spencer, E. A., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., & Key, T. J. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802300 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Dietary Risk Factors for Colon Cancer in a Low-risk Population
Singh, P. N., & Fraser, G. E. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009697 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Crowe, F. L., Appleby, P. N., Travis, R. C., & Key, T. J. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.044073 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Haddad, E. H., Berk, L., Kettering, J. D., Hubbard, R. W., & Peters, W. R. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.586s · Cited by 259 · see citing works
The Oxford Vegetarian Study: an overview
Appleby, P. N., Thorogood, M., Mann, J. I., & Key, T. J. A. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.525s · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Key, T. J., Appleby, P. N., Spencer, E. A., Travis, R. C., Roddam, A., & Allen, N. E. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736l · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Vegetarian Dietary Patterns Are Associated With a Lower Risk of Metabolic Syndrome
Rizzo, N., Sabaté, J., Jaceldo‐Siegl, K., & Fraser, G. E. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1221 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity and heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management
Alpert, M., Lavie, C. J., Agrawal, H., Aggarwal, K. B., & Kumar, S. (2014) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2014.04.010 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Rosell, M. S., Lloyd-Wright, Z., Appleby, P. N., Sanders, T. A., Allen, N. E., & Key, T. J. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/82.2.327 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Vegetarian Diets and the Incidence of Cancer in a Low-risk Population
Tantamango-Bartley, Y., Jaceldo‐Siegl, K., Fan, J., & Fraser, G. E. (2012) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1060 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Ten Years of Life: Is It a Matter of Choice?
Fraser, G. E., & Shavlik, D. J. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.13.1645 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Association between adiponectin, insulin resistance, and endometrial cancer
Soliman, P. T., Wu, D. Y., Tortolero‐Luna, G., Schmeler, K. M., Slomovitz, B. M., Bray, M. S., Gershenson, D. M., & Lu, K. H. (2006) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.21866 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Cohort Profile: The Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2)
Butler, T. L., Fraser, G. E., Beeson, W. L., Knutsen, S. F., Herring, R. P., Chan, J., Sabaté, J., Montgomery, S., Haddad, E. H., Preston‐Martin, S., et al. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dym165 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationMeat consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA study
Vergnaud, A., Norat, T., Romaguera, D., Mouw, T., May, A. M., Travier, N., Luan, J., Wareham, N. J., Slimani, N., Rinaldi, S., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28713 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford
Appleby, P., Roddam, A., Allen, N., & Key, T. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602659 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Vang, A., Singh, P. N., Lee, J. W., Haddad, E. H., & Brinegar, C. H. (2008) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000121365 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Pettersen, B. J., Anousheh, R., Fan, J., Jaceldo‐Siegl, K., & Fraser, G. E. (2012) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980011003454 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Phillips, R. L., Lemon, F. R., Beeson, W. L., & Kuzma, J. W. (1978) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/31.10.s191 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Djoussé, L., Arnett, D. K., Coon, H. H., Province, M. A., Moore, L. L., & Ellison, R. C. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.2.213 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Does low meat consumption increase life expectancy in humans?
Singh, P. N., Sabaté, J., & Fraser, G. E. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.3.526s · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Self-citationKey, T. J., Appleby, P. N., Spencer, E. A., Travis, R. C., Roddam, A., & Allen, N. E. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736m · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Homocysteine, B-vitamins and CVD
McNulty, H., Pentieva, K. D., Hoey, L., & Ward, M. (2008) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665108007076 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Health benefits of a vegetarian diet
Key, T. J., Davey, G. K., & Appleby, P. N. (1999) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665199000373 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF VEGETARIANS
Hardinge, M. G., & Stare, F. J. (1954) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/2.2.73 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Nuts and Berries for Heart Health
Ros, E., Tapsell, L. C., & Sabaté, J. (2010) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-010-0132-5 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationMcLean, R. R., Jacques, P. F., Selhub, J., Fredman, L., Tucker, K. L., Samelson, E. J., Kiel, D. P., Cupples, L. A., & Hannan, M. T. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2710 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Cancer and coronary artery disease among seventh-day adventists
Wynder, E. L., Lemon, F. R., & Bross, I. J. (1959) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(195909/10)12:5 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Vegetarian Diets: What Are the Advantages?
Leitzmann, C. (2005) · Forum of nutrition/Bibliotheca Nutritio et dieta · doi:10.1159/000083787 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF VEGETARIANS
Hardinge, M. G., & Stare, F. J. (1954) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/2.2.83 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wong, J. M. W., Kendall, C. W. C., Esfahani, A., Ng, V. W. Y., Leong, T. C. K., Faulkner, D. A., Vidgen, E., Paul, G., Mukherjea, R., et al. (2014) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003505 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Mortality in British vegetarians: review and preliminary results from EPIC-Oxford
Key, T. J., Appleby, P. N., Davey, G. K., Allen, N. E., Spencer, E. A., & Travis, R. C. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.3.533s · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Dieta vegetariana e níveis de colesterol e triglicérides
Biase, S. G. D., Fernandes, S. F. C., Gianini, R. J., & Duarte, J. L. G. (2007) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.1590/s0066-782x2007000100006 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Révillion-Carette, F., Charlier, M., Lhotellier, V., Hornez, L., Giard, S., Baranzelli, M., Djiane, J., & Peyrat, J. (2006) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1904 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Nutritional Studies of Vegetarians
Hardinge, M. G., Crooks, H., & Stare, F. J. (1962) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/10.6.516 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Jaceldo‐Siegl, K., Fan, J., Sabaté, J., Knutsen, S. F., Haddad, E. H., Beeson, W. L., Herring, R. P., Butler, T. L., Bennett, H., & Fraser, G. E. (2011) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980011000735 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationDysplasia of the uterine cervix.Incidence of regression, recurrence, and cancer
Stern, E., & Neely, P. M. (1964) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(196404)17:4 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Toohey, M. L., Harris, M., Williams, D., Foster, G., Schmidt, W. D., & Melby, C. L. (1998) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1998.10718789 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Nuts, blood lipids and cardiovascular disease.
Sabaté, J., & Wien, M. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationDiet, Life Expectancy, and Chronic Disease: Studies of Seventh-day Adventists and Other Vegetarians
Binkley, J. S., & Jensen, G. L. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.3.525a · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Body mass index and weight change in men with prostate cancer: progression and mortality
Bonn, S. E., Wiklund, F. E., Sjölander, A., et al. (2014) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-014-0393-3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Schutter, A. D., Lavie, C. J., Patel, D. A., & Milani, R. V. (2013) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e328363bcca · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Position of the American dietetic association: Vegetarian diets
Havala, S., & Dwyer, J. T. (1993) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(93)91966-t · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Young Swedish Vegans Have Different Sources of Nutrients than Young Omnivores
Larsson, C. L., & Johansson, G. K. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.06.026 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Position Paper on the vegetarian approach to eating
(1980) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)04924-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Publication trends of vegetarian nutrition articles in biomedical literature, 1966–1995
Sabaté, J., Duk, A., & Lee, C. L. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.601s · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationVegetarian Eating for Children and Adolescents
Dunham, L., & Kollar, L. M. (2006) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2005.08.012 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Vinagre, J. C., Vinagre, C. G. C., Pozzi, F. S., Slywitch, E., & Maranhão, R. C. (2011) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2011.02.011 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wynder, E. L., & Lemon, F. R. (1958) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cancer of the lung and mouth in Seventh-Day Adventist
King, D. R. (1965) · Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology · doi:10.1016/0030-4220(65)90030-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Rationale and methods for an epidemiologic study of cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists.
Phillips, R. L., & Jw, K. (1977) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Associations between Dietary Fiber and Colorectal Polyp Risk Differ by Polyp Type and Smoking Status
Fu, Z., Shrubsole, M. J., Smalley, W. E., et al. (2014) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.113.183319 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Krey, S. H. (1982) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/s0095-4543(21)01544-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hardinge, M. G., & JOHNSTON, P. K. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.431s · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Venkatesh (1989) · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19890801)64:3
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [71]Institute of Medicine Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Iitakes and its Panel on Folate, Other B Vitamins Choline Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline National Academies Press (US) National Academy of Sciences Washington, DC, USA 1998 23193625
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dinu, M., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., Casini, A., & Sofi, F. (2017) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447 · Cited by 971 · see citing works
The long-term health of vegetarians and vegans
Appleby, P. N., & Key, T. J. (2016) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665115004334 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Lifestyle modifications for preventing and treating heart failure
Aggarwal, M., Bozkurt, B., Panjrath, G., Aggarwal, B., Ostfeld, R. J., Barnard, N. D., Gaggin, H., Freeman, A. M., Allen, K., Madan, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2160 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Lee, Y., & Park, K. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9060603 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Losasso, C., Eckert, E. M., Mastrorilli, E., Villiger, J., Mancin, M., Patuzzi, I., Di Cesare, A., Cibin, V., Barrucci, F., Pernthaler, J., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00317 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in People with Type 2 Diabetes
Archundia Herrera, M. C., Subhan, F. B., & Chan, C. B. (2017) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0284-5 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Jakše, B., Pinter, S., Jakše, B., Bučar Pajek, M., & Pajek, J. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/9626390 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete
West, S., Monteyne, A. J., van der Heijden, I., Stephens, F. B., & Wall, B. T. (2023) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Plant Foods, Healthy Plant-Based Diets, and Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of the Evidence
del Carmen Fernández-Fígares Jiménez, M. (2024) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuad099 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Le, L., & Sabaté, J.
- Affiliations
- Loma Linda University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sabaté, Joan
- ORCID
- Sabaté, Joan
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2014-05-27
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2131-2147
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4073139
- OpenAlex
- W1995234501
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (NIH-R01)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA094594)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- vegan diet, vegetarian diet, lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet, Adventist Health Study, Adventist Health Study-2, cardiovascular disease, cardiometabolic risk factors, cancer risk, all-cause mortality, type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, sex differences, weight change
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Heart Diseases, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Neoplasms, Obesity, Diet, Vegetarian, Protestantism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
