Monte Carlo Analysis of Optical Interactions in Reflectance and Transmittance Finger Photoplethysmography
Open accessAbstract
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive photometric technique that measures the volume changes in arterial blood. Recent studies have reported limitations in developing and optimising PPG-based sensing technologies due to unavailability of the fundamental information such as PPG-pathlength and penetration depth in a certain region of interest (ROI) in the human body. In this paper, a robust computational model of a dual wavelength PPG system was developed using Monte Carlo technique. A three-dimensional heterogeneous volume of a specific ROI (i.e., human finger) was exposed at the red (660 nm) and infrared (940 nm) wavelengths in the reflectance and transmittance modalities of PPG. The optical interactions with the individual pulsatile and non-pulsatile tissue-components were demonstrated and the optical parameters (e.g., pathlength, penetration depth, absorbance, reflectance and transmittance) were investigated. Results optimised the source-detector separation for a reflectance finger-PPG sensor. The analysis with the recorded absorbance, reflectance and transmittance confirmed the maximum and minimum impact of the dermis and bone tissue-layers, respectively, in the formation of a PPG signal. The results presented in the paper provide the necessary information to develop PPG-based transcutaneous sensors and to understand the origin of the ac and dc components of the PPG signal.
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Prior Monte Carlo light propagation studies have not attempted to capture the PPG waveform in its entirety and have focused on an idealized skin model.
“In order to derive a better understanding of devices based on PPG, several groups have conducted light propagation models using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations29–31. Yet to our knowledge, these studies have not attempted to capture the PPG waveform in its entirety and have focused on an idealized skin model.”
From Synthetic photoplethysmography (PPG) of the radial artery through parallelized Monte Carlo and its correlation to body mass index (BMI) (2021) · cites this paper as [31]
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- Authors
- Chatterjee, S., & Kyriacou, P. A.
- Affiliations
- City, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Chatterjee, Subhasri
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-02-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 789
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6412556
- OpenAlex
- W2914695435
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 3.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- City Research Online (City University London) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Keywords
- photoplethysmography, finger photoplethysmography, Monte Carlo light transport simulation, optical path length, penetration depth, source-detector separation, dermis, bone, arterial blood volume
- MeSH terms
- Blood Volume Determination, Computer Simulation, Fingers, Humans, Monte Carlo Method, Oximetry, Oxygen, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Photoplethysmography
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