Potential toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION)

Singh, Neenu; Jenkins, Gareth J.S.; Asadi, Romisa; Doak, Shareen H.

doi:10.3402/nano.v1i0.5358

Cited by 1,112Nanoparticles: synthesis and applicationsCharacterization and Applications of Magnetic NanoparticlesNanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery

Potential toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION)

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Singh, Neenu, Jenkins, Gareth J.S., Asadi, Romisa, Doak, Shareen H.·2010·Nano Reviews

DOI 10.3402/nano.v1i0.5358PMC PMC3215220

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Abstract

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are being widely used for various biomedical applications, for example, magnetic resonance imaging, targeted delivery of drugs or genes, and in hyperthermia. Although, the potential benefits of SPION are considerable, there is a distinct need to identify any potential cellular damage associated with these nanoparticles. Besides focussing on cytotoxicity, the most commonly used determinant of toxicity as a result of exposure to SPION, this review also mentions the importance of studying the subtle cellular alterations in the form of DNA damage and oxidative stress. We review current studies and discuss how SPION, with or without different surface coating, may cause cellular perturbations including modulation of actin cytoskeleton, alteration in gene expression profiles, disturbance in iron homeostasis and altered cellular responses such as activation of signalling pathways and impairment of cell cycle regulation. The importance of protein-SPION interaction and various safety considerations relating to SPION exposure are also addressed.

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Metallic nanoparticles are valuable for their theragnostic capabilities but face significant barriers to translation due to potential long-term toxicity and bioaccumulation.
“Metallic NPs are valuable for their theragnostic capabilities but face significant barriers to translation due to potential long-term toxicity and bioaccumulation, which limit clinical progress [102, 103].”
From Targeted Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Across the Blood–Brain Barrier in Early and Late Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [102]
The Abstract describes SPION applications in imaging and treatment, and the Conclusion identifies uncertain long-term effects, tissue clearance, and toxicity as issues to address before clinical use (pages not provided). The paper supports those concerns for SPION, but does not establish bioaccumulation or a barrier to clinical translation for metallic nanoparticles generally; it also notes that some SPION agents are already clinically approved. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In vitro, upon prolonged incubation, surface-coated SPION are typically nontoxic at iron concentrations up to 10 μg/ml, while slight cytotoxicity is seen at 100 μg/ml.
“In vitro, upon prolonged incubation, surface-coated SPION are typically nontoxic at iron concentration up to and 10 μg/ml, while slight cytotoxicity is seen at 100 μg/ml.”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [120]
SPION toxicity depends on dosing, exposure time, nature of the coating material, hydrodynamic diameter of the particle and SPION-protein interactions.
“In general, SPION toxicity depends on a variety of factors, including - besides dosing and exposure time - also the nature of the coating material, the hydrodynamic diameter of the particle and SPION-protein interactions [119–122].”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [120]

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Review Article Potential toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION)
Singha, N., Jenkinsa, G. J. S., Asadib, R., & Doaka, S. H. (2016)
æNANO REVIEWS Review Article Potential toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION)
Neenu Singh, A., Jenkins, G. J. S., Asadi, R., & Doak, S. H. (2013)
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Authors: Singh, N., Jenkins, G. J. S., Asadi, R., & Doak, S. H.
Affiliations: Swansea University (GB)
Cardiff University (GB)
Corresponding author: Singh, Neenu
ORCID: Singh, Neenu
Jenkins, Gareth J.S.
Asadi, Romisa
Doak, Shareen H.
Venue: Nano Reviews
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2010-01-01
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 5358
ISSN: 2000-5121 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3402/nano.v1i0.5358
PMC: PMC3215220
OpenAlex: W2045080998
Cited by: 1,112
References: 107
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 78 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 92 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 16.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
Locations: Nano Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
Keywords: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, nanoparticle toxicity, cytotoxicity, DNA damage, oxidative stress, actin cytoskeleton, gene expression profiling, iron homeostasis, signaling pathways, cell cycle regulation, nanoparticle-protein interactions, surface coating, MRI contrast agents, drug delivery, hyperthermia

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Potential toxicity of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION)

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