Processing emotional pictures and words: Effects of valence and arousal
Open accessAbstract
There is considerable debate regarding the extent to which limbic regions respond differentially to items with different valences (positive or negative) or to different stimulus types (pictures or words). In the present event-related fMRI study, 21 participants viewed words and pictures that were neutral, negative, or positive. Negative and positive items were equated on arousal. The participants rated each item for whether it depicted or described something animate or inanimate or something common or uncommon. For both pictures and words, the amygdala, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC), and ventromedial PFC responded equally to all high-arousal items, regardless of valence. Laterality effects in the amygdala were based on the stimulus type (word = left, picture = bilateral). Valence effects were most apparent when the individuals processed pictures, and the results revealed a lateral/medial distinction within the PFC: The lateral PFC responded differentially to negative items, whereas the medial PFC was more engaged during the processing of positive pictures.
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Regions specific to positive and negative valence have been identified, including VLPFC and insula for negatively-valenced pictures and words.
“Regions specific to positive and negative valence have also been identified, in particular roles for ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) (Kensinger and Schacter, 2006) and insula (Anders et al., 2004;Lewis et al., 2007) in response to negatively-valenced pictures and words.”
From Affective Cognition and its Disruption in Mood Disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Kensinger and Schacter, 2006
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“[60] Kensinger EA, Schacter DL.”
Sabatinelli, D., Keil, A., Frank, D. W., & Lang, P. J. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.04.005 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“In addition, we will compare LPP modulation to BOLD signal from subcortical structures that are reliably modulated by emotional picture perception (Kensinger and Schacter, 2006; Sabatinelli et al., 2005, 2011).”
Goldstein, M., Brendel, G., Tüscher, O., Pan, H., Epstein, J., Beutel, M. E., Yang, Y., Thomas, K. F., Levy, K. N., Silverman, M. E., et al. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.056 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“…L amygdala activity was noted in the [PosNoGo vs. PosGo] main condition contrast, there were no other significant amygdala activity differences among main conditions, suggesting relative constancy of emotional arousal across conditions (Kensinger and Schachter, 2006; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005).”
BackgroundMethodYou See, the Ends Don’t Justify the Means
Amit, E., & Greene, J. D. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611434965 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
The adaptation of the Affective Norms for English Words (ANEW) for European Portuguese
Soares, A. P., Comesaña, M., Pinheiro, A. P., Simões, A., & Frade, S. (2011) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0131-7 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“…research on the neural correlates of emotional processing (e.g., Anders, Eippert, Weiskpf, & Veit, 2008; Junghöfer, Schupp, Stark, & Vaitl, 2005; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006; Lewis, Critchley, Rotshtein, & Dolan, 2007), as well as for the development of studies that aim at exploring the…”
BackgroundInfluentialAging, self-referencing, and medial prefrontal cortex
Gutchess, A. H., Kensinger, E. A., & Schacter, D. L. (2007) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470910701399029 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationLight, S. N., Coan, J. A., Zahn‐Waxler, C., Frye, C. J., Goldsmith, H. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01326.x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“…et al., 2004), orbitofrontal (Kringelbach & Rolls, 2004; Nitschke et al., 2004), ventromedial (Hamann, Ely, Hoffman, & Kilts, 2002), and frontopolar cortex (Kensinger & Schacter, 2006; Pochon et al., 2002) predict the experience of basic positive emotions such as happiness and ⁄ or pleasure.”
Affective neurolinguistics: towards a framework for reconciling language and emotion
Hinojosa, J. A., Moreno, E. M., & Ferré, P. (2019) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2019.1620957 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
CITRON, F. M. M., Gray, M. A., Critchley, H., Weekes, B., & Ferstl, E. C. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.01.002 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“…implicit processing of their emotional content evokes activity within a set of brain regions that include the amygdala (Herbert et al., 2009; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006; Lewis et al., 2007; Straube, Sauer, & Miltner, 2011), the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; Kuchinke et al., 2005; Lewis et…”
BackgroundHinojosa, J. A., Méndez‐Bértolo, C., & Pozo, M. A. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00982.x · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Kensinger, E. A., Schacter, D. L., Lewis, M. C., Jones, J., & Barrett, L. F. (2008) · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationEmotion and memory: a recognition advantage for positive and negative words independent of arousal.
Adelman, J., & Estes, Z. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.08.014 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“…role of arousal in emotional memory, but additionally propose that valence can facilitate memory in the absence of arousal (Kensinger & Corkin, 2003, 2004; LaBar & Cabeza, 2006), or that valence influences memory for perceptual details of the stimulus (Kensinger, 2009; Kensinger & Schacter, 2008).”
Gerber, A. J., Posner, J. E., Gorman, D. A., Colibazzi, T., Yu, S., Wang, Z., Kangarlu, A., Hongtu Zhu, B., Russell, J. A., & Peterson, B. S. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.032 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“…using a passive task have produced inconsistent results, likely due to this difficulty and to the failure to include absolute valence and arousal in the same regression equation (Anders et al., 2004; Kensinger, 2004; Kensinger & Corkin, 2004; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006; Small et al., 2003).”
MethodInter-subject synchronization of prefrontal cortex hemodynamic activity during natural viewing
Jääskeläinen, I. P., Koskentalo, K., Balk, M. H., Autti, T., Kauramäki, J., Pomren, C., & Sams, M. (2008) · The Open Neuroimaging Journal · doi:10.2174/1874440000802010014 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“We could not, however, verify this since the arousal ratings correlated most consistently with cerebellar activity (for corroborating findings, see [12]), and with prefrontal activations only in some subjects, and we failed to see any consistent correlations between the valence ratings and fMRI activity.”
ResultAmygdala activation during reading of emotional adjectives--an advantage for pleasant content.
Herbert, C., Ethofer, T., Anders, S., Junghöfer, M., Wildgruber, D., Grodd, W., & Kissler, J. (2009) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsn027 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“, 2007), although amygdala activation in response to pleasant words has also been reported (Hamann and Mao, 2002; Canli et al., 2004; Kensinger and Schacter, 2006; Lewis et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInducing changes in arousal and valence: Comparison of two mood induction procedures
Jallais, C., & Gilet, A.-L. (2010) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.42.1.318 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“…defined as the pleasant–unpleasant dimensions of mood, whereas arousal refers to a sense of mobilization of energy as activation versus deactivation or to the felt activation associated with affective phenomena (e.g., FeldmanBarrett, 2004; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006; Revelle & Loftus, 1992).”
Dynamic modulation of emotional processing.
Okon-Singer, H., Lichtenstein-Vidne, L., & Cohen, N. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.05.010 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
A unique role for the human amygdala in novelty detection
Blackford, J. U., Buckholtz, J. W., Avery, S. N., & Zald, D. H. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.083 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“Several studies indicate that arousing stimuli induce amygdala activation (Kensinger and Schacter, 2006; Lewis et al., 2007), although the extent to which these activations relate to arousal versus valence, salience or impact, remains a matter of debate in the literature (Anders et al., 2008;…”
InfluentialBehavioral and Neurobiological Convergence of Odor, Mood and Emotion: A Review
Kontaris, I., East, B. S., & Wilson, D. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00035 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“, 2009) and allow more direct access to meaning, privileged access to emotional information (Dehouwer and Hermans, 1994), and stronger and more widespread brain activity (Kensinger and Schacter, 2006).”
BackgroundLiebenthal, E., Silbersweig, D., & Stern, E. R. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00506 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Greater activation of the amygdala for negative and positive valenced words relative to neutral words has been demonstrated with fMRI and PET in normal control subjects (Isenberg et al., 1999; Hamann and Mao, 2002; Kensinger and Schacter, 2006; Goldstein et al., 2007; Weisholtz et al., 2015).”
BackgroundNitsche, M. A., Koschack, J., Pohlers, H., Hullemann, S., Paulus, W., & Happe, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00058 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“Alternatively, since due to the electrode arrangement left DLPFC stimulation was inevitably associated with right prefrontal tDCS, and the right prefrontal cortex is also involved in affective information processing (Herrington et al., 2005; Kensinger and Schacter, 2006), the accompanying anodal right prefrontal tDCS…”
BackgroundThe Influence of Academic Emotions on Learning Effects: A Systematic Review
Tan, J., Mao, J., Jiang, Y., & Gao, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189678 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Gaffrey, M. S., Kleinhans, N. M., Haist, F., Akshoomoff, N. A., Campbell, A., Courchesne, E., & Müller, R.-A. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.008 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Similar sites of activation including occipital cortex have been recently identified for the processing of emotional words (Kensinger & Schacter, 2006).”
BackgroundNovelty as a dimension in the affective brain
Weierich, M. R., Wright, C. I., Negreira, A. M., Dickerson, B. C., & Barrett, L. F. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.047 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“…potential information value of visual stimuli (Amaral, 2003; Liberzon, et al., 2003; Whalen et al., 2004), and amygdala engagement has been associated with enhanced memory (e.g., Kensinger and Schachter, 2006) and even enhanced vision (e.g., Padmala and Pessoa, 2008; Vuilleumier and Driver, 2007).”
BackgroundElectrophysiological differences in the processing of affective information in words and pictures
Hinojosa, J. A., Carretié, L., Valcárcel, M. A., Méndez‐Bértolo, C., & Pozo, M. A. (2009) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.9.2.173 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
A review of fMRI studies during visual emotive processing in major depressive disorder
Jaworska, N., Yang, X.-R., Knott, V., & MacQueen, G. (2015) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2014.885659 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“In healthy individuals, the DLPFC tends to be active during negative emotion regulation (Herwig et al. 2007; Stein 2008; Domes et al. 2010); mPFC activity is evoked when generating and regulating emotions (Jung et al. 2006; Kensinger and Schacter 2006; Gillihan et al. 2011).”
BackgroundCognitive psychology and tourism research: state of the art
Skavronskaya, L., Scott, N., Moyle, B., Le, D., Hadinejad, A., Zhang, R., Gardiner, S. J., Coghlan, A., & Shakeela, A. (2017) · Tourism Review · doi:10.1108/tr-03-2017-0041 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
van Stegeren, A. V., Roozendaal, B., Kindt, M., Wolf, O. T., & Joëls, M. (2010) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.08.004 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Chen, P., Lin, J., Chen, B., Lu, C., & Guo, T. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2015.06.002 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“In Kensinger and Schacter (2006), emotional words showed greater activation in this area than neutral words, while neutral words were found showing greater activation than emotional words in Herbert et al. (2009).”
BackgroundDo words hurt? Brain activation during the processing of pain-related words
Richter, M., Eck, J., Straube, T., Miltner, W. H. R., & Weiß, T. (2009) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.08.009 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Notably, this effect seems to be due to the pain-relevance and not due to a general arousal or valence effect of words as previously shown by Kensinger and Schacter [19].”
ResultThe grounding of abstract concepts in the motor and visual system: An fMRI study
Harpaintner, M., Sim, E.-J., Trumpp, N. M., Martin, U., & Kiefer, M. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.10.014 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
García‐García, I., Kube, J., Gaebler, M., Horstmann, A., Villringer, A., & Neumann, J. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.020 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Vrtička, P., Sander, D., & Vuilleumier, P. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.02.020 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Emerging Directions in Emotional Episodic Memory
Dolcos, F., Katsumi, Y., Weymar, M., Moore, M., Tsukiura, T., & Dolcos, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01867 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“Such memory-enhancing effects, as reflected in greater response in AMY and other MTL regions, however, were not observed for emotional stimuli when the associated contextual details (i.e., semantic judgment or color) were tested (Kensinger and Schacter, 2006a; Dougal et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialAccounting for immediate emotional memory enhancement
Talmi, D., & McGarry, L. M. (2011) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2011.07.009 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“This replication is encouraging because the emotional picture stimuli used here are arguably more arousing (De Houwer & Hermans, 1994; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006) than the taboo words Please cite this article in press as: Talmi, D., & McGarry, L. M. Accoun Memory and Language (2011),…”
BackgroundMethodOn pleasure and thrill: the interplay between arousal and valence during visual word recognition.
Recio, G., Conrad, M., Hansen, L., & Jacobs, A. (2014) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2014.03.009 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“…separate neural routes for valence and arousal, although with some inconsistencies in the results (Anders, Lotze, Erb, Grodd, & Birbaumer, 2004; Colibazzi et al., 2010; Gianotti et al., 2008; Kensinger & Corkin, 2004; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006; Lewis, Critchley, Rotshtein, & Dolan, 2007).”
Distinct brain systems underlie the processing of valence and arousal of affective pictures
Nielen, M. M. A., Heslenfeld, D. J., Heinen, K., Van Strien, J. W., Witter, M. P., Jonker, C., & Veltman, D. J. (2009) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.05.007 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“…Wang, McCarthy, Song, & Labar, 2005) and even to positively valenced stimuli (Beauregard, Levesque, & Bourgouin, 2001; Ferretti et al., 2005; Fitzgerald, Angstadt, Jelsone, Nathan, & Phan, 2005; Garavan, Pendergrass, Ross, Stein, & Risinger, 2001; Hamann & Mao, 2002; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialSakaki, M., Niki, K., & Mather, M. (2011) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0062-x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Although previous research reported that emotional words produced activity in the amygdala (Kensinger & Schacter, 2006), neither whole brain analyses nor ROI analyses found significantly greater activity in the amygdala to biologically and socially emotional words than neutral or nonsense words.”
Positive Emotion Facilitates Cognitive Flexibility: An fMRI Study
Wang, Y., Chen, J., & Yue, Z. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01832 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Firstly, we found activation in medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) for positive emotion, which was consistent with prior findings with IAPS pictures (Kensinger and Schacter, 2006; Vink et al., 2014), indicating that this region was involved in processing of pleasant or rewarding stimuli.”
ResultHeitzeg, M. M., Nigg, J. T., Yau, W. W., Zubieta, J., & Zucker, R. A. (2008) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00605.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Dynamic Modulation of Amygdala–Hippocampal Connectivity by Emotional Arousal
Fastenrath, M., Coynel, D., Spalek, K., Milnik, A., Gschwind, L., Roozendaal, B., Papassotiropoulos, A., & de Quervain, D. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0786-14.2014 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“The observation that positive and negative pictures have a similar effect on connection strength might be in line with earlier studies demonstrating that amygdala activation is associated with arousal common to both negative and positive events, but not valence itself (Anderson et al., 2003; Small et al., 2003; Kensin…”
ResultNeural Processing of Emotional Pictures and Words: A Comparison of Young and Older Adults
Leclerc, C. M., & Kensinger, E. A. (2011) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.549864 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Positive, negative, and neutral pictures were matched on visual complexity (normative data taken from a prior investigation; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006 ) and brightness [as indicated in Adobe Photoshop (Adobe Systems, San Jose, CA; data from Kensinger & Schacter, 2006 )].”
BackgroundSelf-citationRegional Response Differences Across the Human Amygdaloid Complex during Social Conditioning
Davis, F. C., Johnstone, T., Mazzulla, E. C., Oler, J. A., & Whalen, P. J. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp126 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…of the amygdala where some show amygdala activity clearly tracking valence (Kim et al. 2003; Pessoa et al. 2005; Straube et al. 2008) while others show responses related to arousal value (Garavan et al. 2001; Anderson et al. 2003; Kensinger and Schacter 2006; Lewis et al. 2007; Demos et al. 2008).”
Kong, L., Chen, K., Tang, Y., Wu, F., Driesen, N., Womer, F., Fan, G., Ren, L., Jiang, W., Cao, Y., et al. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.120117 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Dynamic grounding of emotion concepts
Winkielman, P., Seana Coulson, A., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0127 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Asymmetric effects of emotion on mnemonic interference
Leal, S. L., Tighe, S. K., & Yassa, M. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.02.013 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Gianotti, L. R. R., Faber, P., Schuler, M., Pascual-Marqui, R., Kochi, K., & Lehmann, D. (2008) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-007-0041-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“This result corroborates previous functional neuroimaging studies that reported a dissociated neural representation of the two dimensions (e.g., [2, 22, 23 ]).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEmotionotopy in the human right temporo-parietal cortex
Lettieri, G., Handjaras, G., Ricciardi, E., Leo, A., Papale, P., Betta, M., Pietrini, P., & Cecchetti, L. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13599-z · Cited by 96 · see citing works
NEURAL CORRELATES OF EMOTIONAL MEMORIES: A REVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM BRAIN IMAGING STUDIES
Dolcos, F., Denkova, E., & Dolcos, S. (2012) · PSYCHOLOGIA · doi:10.2117/psysoc.2012.80 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…group of nuclei located within the medial-temporal lobe (MTL), in the encoding (e.g., Dolcos, LaBar, & Cabeza, 2004b; Kensinger & Corkin, 2004; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006a; Ritchey, Dolcos, & Cabeza, 2008; Sergerie, Lepage, Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Florin…”
BackgroundAge-related differences in medial prefrontal activation in response to emotional images
Leclerc, C. M., & Kensinger, E. A. (2008) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.8.2.153 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“The arousal-dependent (and valence-independent) response of the DMPFC region is consistent with the findings of Kensinger and Schacter (2006) and Dolcos et al. (2004), who presented participants with positive, negative, and neutral photographs from the IAPS set (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2005).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationEmotional Picture and Word Processing: An fMRI Study on Effects of Stimulus Complexity
Schlochtermeier, L. H., Kuchinke, L., Pehrs, C., Urton, K., Kappelhoff, H., & Jacobs, A. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055619 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Interestingly, the differential valence effects for verbal and pictorial stimuli are at odds with the previously reported superiority of pictures over words [18].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEmotional arousal impairs association-memory: Roles of amygdala and hippocampus
Madan, C. R., Fujiwara, E., Caplan, J. B., & Sommer, T. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.065 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Adapting this paradigm for fMRI, we used emotional pictures instead of words, known to elicit more reliable BOLD responses (Kensinger and Schacter, 2006b).”
How government-controlled media shifts policy attitudes through framing
Pan, J., Shao, Z., & Xu, Y. (2021) · Political Science Research and Methods · doi:10.1017/psrm.2021.35 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“…be influenced by the type of content—narrow and issue-specific—and the video medium of our government-controlled media treatment that activates multiple sensory channels and elicits strong emotional and physiological responses (Houts et al., 2006; Kensinger and Schacter, 2006; Lang et al., 2015).”
BackgroundHow Reward and Emotional Stimuli Induce Different Reactions Across the Menstrual Cycle
Sakaki, M., & Mather, M. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00415.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“The amygdala, a key region for emotional processing, responds to emotionally arousing information, regardless of whether it is positive or negative (e.g., Anderson et al., 2003; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006; Sergerie, Chochol, & Armony, 2008).”
White matter structures associated with loneliness in young adults
Nakagawa, S., Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., Miyauchi, C., Iizuka, K., Yokoyama, R., Shinada, T., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep17001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Destination Attributes Affecting Negative Memory: Scale Development and Validation
Kim, J. (2020) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287520977725 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Menstrual-cycle dependent fluctuations in ovarian hormones affect emotional memory
Bayer, J., Schultz, H., Gamer, M., & Sommer, T. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.01.017 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“A prefrontal-parietal network then mediates the elaborate cognitive processing of stimulus valence (Canli, Zhao, Desmond, Glover, & Gabrieli, 1999; Dolcos, LaBar, & Cabeza, 2004; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006; Mickley & Kensinger, 2008).”
BackgroundModulatory effects of emotion and sleep on recollection and familiarity
ATIENZA, M., & CANTERO, J. L. (2008) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00661.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Adaptation of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) for European Portuguese
Soares, A. P., Pinheiro, A. P., Costa, A., Frade, S., Comesaña, M., & Pureza, R. (2014) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0535-2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…differential access to affective information as well as differences in the neural networks activated as a function of the type of stimuli used (e.g., De Houwer & Hermans, 1994; Hinojosa, Carretie, Valcarcel, Mendez-Bertolo, & Pozo, 2009; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006; Potter, Staub, & O'Connor 2004).”
MethodGilet, A.-L., Grühn, D., Studer, J., & Labouvie‐Vief, G. (2012) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2012.03.003 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Age differences in perception and awareness of emotion
Neiss, M. B., Leigland, L. A., Carlson, N. E., & Janowsky, J. S. (2007) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.11.007 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Specifically, both regions respond to emotionally arousing stimuli (Kensinger and Schacter, 2006) and more amygdala activity is associated with better memory for emotionally arousing material (Hamann et al., 1999).”
BackgroundDeeper than skin deep - The effect of botulinum toxin-A on emotion processing.
Baumeister, J., Papa, G., & Foroni, F. (2016) · Toxicon · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.04.044 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Everaert, J., Vrijsen, J. N., Martin‐Willett, R., van de Kraats, L., & Joormann, J. (2022) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000367 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“The effect size for memory bias in depression was stronger for verbal stimuli than for nonverbal stimuli such as scenes and facial expressions, which are intrinsically more vivid, arousing, and emotion provoking than words (Bartoszek & Cervone, 2017; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006).”
BackgroundTiwari, A., & Gonzalez, A. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.01.006 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Raschle, N., Menks, W., Fehlbaum, L., Tshomba, E., & Stadler, C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136553 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“emotionally loaded images [129,130], facial expressions [131,132,133] or words [134,135]), during tasks of empathy [136,137], moral reasoning [138] or when processing potential threats [139]).”
BackgroundGiraudier, M., Ventura‐Bort, C., & Weymar, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01276 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Evolution of the Memorable Tourism Experience and Future Research Prospects
Kim, J., Badu‐Baiden, F., Kim, S., Köseoğlu, M. A., & Baah, N. G. (2023) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875231206545 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“However, cognitive psychologists and neuroscience researchers have demonstrated that negative valence, encounters, and events, can result in a strong memory (Kensinger & Schacter, 2006).”
BackgroundFont Size Matters—Emotion and Attention in Cortical Responses to Written Words
Bayer, M., Sommer, W., & Schacht, A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036042 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Despite the symbolic nature of word recognition, evidence from ERPs and neuroimaging data suggested that similar brain structures, most importantly the amygdala, are involved in the detection and facilitation of emotional information across stimulus domains [21,22].”
BackgroundPornographic Picture Processing Interferes with Working Memory Performance
Laier, C., Schulte, F. P., & Brand, M. (2012) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.716873 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“With respect to the neural processing of negative and positive pictures, a distinct activity pattern of the prefrontal cortex but not of limbic structures was shown (Ball et al., 2009; Dolcos, LaBar, & Cabeza, 2004; Kensinger & Schacter, 2006).”
BackgroundOscillatory brain dynamics associated with the automatic processing of emotion in words
Wang, L., & BASTIAANSEN, M. C. M. (2014) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2014.07.011 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“The processing of emotional words was shown to activate partly different brain regions as compared to the processing of emotional pictures (Kensinger & Schacter, 2006), and different ERP responses were found between the processing of emotional words and faces (Frühholz, Jellinghaus, & Herrmann,…”
BackgroundPauligk, S., Kotz, S. A., & Kanske, P. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50755-3 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
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“Evidence coming from different experimental approaches suggests that this structure responds to both emotional valence and arousal (Kensinger and Schacter, 2006; Kim et al., 2003; Lang and Davis, 2006; Whalen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundRecall dynamics reveal the retrieval of emotional context
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“Indeed some authors have found a greater activation of cingulate cortex and the hippocampal formation during processing of affective words [ 34-36 ]”
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“Positive versus negative or neutral stimuli tend to elicit greater activations in medial PFC in young populations (Dolcos, LaBar, & Cabeza, 2004; E.A. Kensinger & Schacter, 2006), though medial PFC regions also may be more broadly involved in emotional experience (Phan, Wager, Taylor, & Liberzon, 2002) and control (Oc…”
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Online images amplify gender bias
Guilbeault, D., Delecourt, S., Hull, T., Desikan, B. S., Chu, M., & Nadler, E. O. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07068-x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“23 and Supplementary Tables 9–11).”
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- Authors
- KENSINGER, E. A., & SCHACTER, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Boston College (US)
- Corresponding author
- KENSINGER, E. A.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2006-06-01
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 110-126
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- OpenAlex
- W2051859627
- Cited by
- 442
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 6.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- emotional stimuli, valence, arousal, amygdala, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, hemispheric lateralization, limbic system, emotional word processing, emotional picture processing
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Amygdala, Arousal, Brain, Cognition, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Visual Perception, Vocabulary, Prefrontal Cortex
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